Planetary wave-driven enhanced NO descent into the top of the Arctic
polar vortex during major and minor SSWs
Abstract
The polar vortices play a central role in vertically coupling the
Sun-Earth system by facilitating the descent of reactive odd nitrogen
(NOx = NO + NO2) produced in the
atmosphere by energetic particle precipitation
(EPP-NOx). Downward transport of EPP-NOx
from the mesosphere-lower thermosphere (MLT) to the stratosphere inside
the winter polar vortex is particularly impactful in the wake of
prolonged sudden stratospheric warming events. This work is motivated by
the fact that state-of-the-art global climate models severely
underestimate this EPP-NOx transport in the Arctic. As a
step toward understanding the transport pathways by which MLT air enters
the top of the polar vortex, we explore the extent to which Lagrangian
Coherent Structures (LCS) impact the geographic distribution of NO near
the polar winter mesopause in the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate
Model eXtended version with Data Assimilation Research Testbed
(WACCMX+DART). We present planetary wave-driven enhanced NO descent near
the polar winter mesopause during 14 case studies from the Arctic
winters of 2005/2006 through 2018/2019. During all cases the model is in
reasonable agreement with SABER temperatures and SOFIE and ACE-FTS NO.
Results show consistent LCS formation at the top of the polar vortex
during minor and major SSWs. LCSs act to confine air with elevated NO to
high latitudes as it descends into the top of the polar vortex. Descent
of NO tends to be enhanced in traveling planetary wave troughs. These
results present a new conceptual model of transport in the polar winter
mesosphere whereby regional-scale, long-lived LCSs, coincident with the
troughs of planetary waves, act to sequester elevated
NOx at high latitudes until the air descends to lower
altitudes.