Strain Localization and Migration During the Pulsed Lateral Propagation
of the Shire Rift Zone, East Africa
Abstract
We investigate the spatiotemporal patterns of strain accommodation
during multiphase rift evolution in the Shire Rift Zone (SRZ), East
Africa. The NW-trending SRZ records a transition from magma-rich rifting
phases (Permian-Early Jurassic: Rift-Phase 1 (RP1), and Late
Jurassic-Cretaceous: Rift-Phase 2 (RP2)) to a magma-poor phase in the
Cenozoic (ongoing: Rift-Phase 3 (RP3)). Our observations show that
although the rift border faults largely mimic the pre-rift basement
metamorphic fabrics, the rift termination zones occur near crustal-scale
rift-orthogonal basement shear zones (Sanangoe (SSZ) and the Lurio shear
zones) during RP1-RP2. In RP3, the RP1-RP2 sub-basins were largely
abandoned, and the rift axes migrated northeastward (rift-orthogonally)
into the RP1-RP2 basin margin, and northwestward (strike-parallel) ahead
of the RP2 rift-tip. The northwestern RP3 rift-axis side-steps across
the SSZ, with a rotation of border faults across the shear zone and
terminates further northwest at another regional-scale shear zone. We
suggest that over the multiple pulses of tectonic extension and strain
migration in the SRZ, pre-rift basement fabrics acted as: 1) zones of
mechanical strength contrast that localized the large rift faults, and
2) mechanical ‘barriers’ that refracted and possibly, temporarily halted
the propagation of the rift zone. Further, the cooled RP1-RP2 mafic
dikes facilitated later-phase deformation in the form of border fault
hard-linking transverse faults that exploited mechanical anisotropies
within the dike clusters and served as mechanically-strong zones that
arrested some of the RP3 fault-tips. Overall, we argue that during
pulsed rift propagation, inherited strength anisotropies can serve as
both strain-localizing, refracting, and transient strain-inhibiting
tectonic structures.