Using trajectories to explain the moisture budget asymmetry between the
Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
Abstract
The net surface water flux (evaporation minus precipitation minus
runoff, E-P-R) of the Atlantic Ocean is approximately 0.4 – 0.6 Sv (1
Sv = 10^9 kg s-1) larger than that of the Pacific Ocean, as shown in
atmospheric and oceanic reanalyses and by oceanographic estimates. This
asymmetry is linked to the asymmetry in sea surface salinity and the
existence of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. It is
shown that the reason for the asymmetry in E-P-R is greater
precipitation per unit area over the Pacific south of 30N, while
evaporation rates are similar over both basins. It is further argued
that the Pacific Ocean is anomalous compared to the Atlantic and Indian
Oceans in terms of atmospheric moisture flux convergence and
precipitation across the tropics and subtropics. To clarify the
mechanism by which water vapour is exported out of the Atlantic basin
and imported into the Pacific, we use an air mass trajectory model
driven by ERA-Interim reanalysis. Using 12-hourly releases of 14-day
back trajectories on the boundaries of ocean drainage basins over the
period 2010-2014, we are able to partition the atmospheric moisture
fluxes between basins according to their origins (i.e. last contact with
the boundary layer). We show that at most a quarter of the E-P-R
asymmetry is explained by higher moisture export to the Arctic and
Southern basins from the Atlantic than from the Pacific. The main
contributions come from differences in the longitudinal atmospheric
transport of moisture between the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific basins.
In particular, during the Asian summer monsoon the recurvature of the
low level flow in the Somali Jet results in a much weaker westward
moisture transport from the Indian into the Atlantic basin than across
Central America (where it is similar to the zonal average) while there
is stronger eastward transport from the Indian to Pacific basins. The
net effect is stronger moisture convergence into the Pacific, but weaker
into the Atlantic. In contrast to previous thinking, the role of the
moisture flux across Central America in the asymmetry, albeit
significant, is not dominant.