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Implication of tidal forcing effects on the zonal variation of solstice equatorial plasma bubbles
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  • Loren C. Chang,
  • Cornelius Csar Jude Hisole Salinas,
  • Yi-Chung Chiu,
  • McArthur Jones,
  • Chi-Kuang Chao,
  • Jann-Yenq Liu,
  • Charles C. H. Lin,
  • Tung-Yuan Hsiao
Loren C. Chang
National Central University

Corresponding Author:[email protected]

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Cornelius Csar Jude Hisole Salinas
National Central University
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Yi-Chung Chiu
National Central University
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McArthur Jones
United States Naval Research Laboratory
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Chi-Kuang Chao
National Central University
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Jann-Yenq Liu
National Central University
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Charles C. H. Lin
National Cheng Kung University
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Tung-Yuan Hsiao
Hsing Wu Institute of Technology
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Abstract

Equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) are elongated plasma depletions that can occur in the nighttime ionospheric F region, causing scintillation in satellite navigation and communications signals. EPBs are believed to be Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities seeded by vertically propagating gravity waves. A necessary pre-condition for EPB formation is a threshold vertical ion drift from the E region, which is required to produce the vertical plasma gradients conducive to this instability. Factors affecting the variation of EPBs therefore include magnetic declination, the strength of the equatorial electojet, and the wind dynamo in the lower thermosphere controlling vertical plasma drifts. In most longitude zones, this results in elevated EPB occurrence rates during the equinoxes. The notable exception is over the central Pacific and African sectors, where EPB activity maximizes during solstice. \citet{tsunoda_jgr2015} hypothesized that the solstice maxima in these two sectors could be driven by a zonal wavenumber 2 atmospheric tide in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. In this study, we find that the post-sunset electron density observed by FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC during the boreal summer from 2007 - 2012 does indeed exhibit a wave-2 zonal distribution, consistent with results expected from elevated vertical ion drift over the Central Pacific and African sectors. Numerical experiments are also carried out which found that forcing from the aforementioned tidal and stationary planetary wave (SPW) components produced wave-2 modulations on vertical ion drift, ion flux convergence, and midnight TEC. The relation between the vertical ion drift enhancements and the midnight TEC enhancements are consistent with the solstice maxima hypothesis.
Mar 2021Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics volume 126 issue 3. 10.1029/2020JA028295