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Hacking Techniques Improve Health and Nutritional Status of Nestling White-tailed Eagles
  • +6
  • Miguel Ferrer,
  • Rhian Evans,
  • Joanna Hedley ,
  • Simon Hollamby,
  • Anna Meredith,
  • Virginia Morandini,
  • Owen Selly,
  • Claire Smith,
  • Phil Whitfield
Miguel Ferrer
Estación Biológica de Doñana

Corresponding Author:[email protected]

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Rhian Evans
Royal Society for the Protection of Birds Scotland Headquarters
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Joanna Hedley
Royal Veterinary College
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Simon Hollamby
Melbourne Veterinary School
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Anna Meredith
University of Edinburgh
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Virginia Morandini
Oregon State University
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Owen Selly
Royal Society for the Protection of Birds Scotland Headquarters
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Claire Smith
Royal Society for the Protection of Birds Scotland Headquarters
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Phil Whitfield
Natural Research Ltd
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Abstract

Birds of prey frequently feature in reintroductions and the hacking technique is typically used. Hacking involves removing large nestlings from donor populations, transferring them to captivity, feeding them ad libitum. Potentially, via the hacking method, stress of captivity and disruption of parental feeding may be detrimental. Alternatively, provision of ad libitum food may be advantageous. Although hacking has underpinned reintroduction project successes there has been no research on how the method may affect the health and nutritional status of translocated birds during captivity. We compared blood chemistry data from 55 young White-tailed Eagles, translocated from Norway as part of the species’ reintroduction to Scotland, from sampling soon after arriving in captivity and again (≈ 42 d later) before their release. Numerous significant differences between first and second samples were found, but no significant interactions showed that sexes responded similarly to captivity. According to hematological and biochemical metrics, individuals showed several changes during captivity, including in red blood cell parameters, plasma proteins and white cellular parameters related to the immune system, that indicated improved health status. Captivity with ad libitum food was associated with decreased urea and uric acid values: high values can indicate nutritional stress. Urea values became more normally distributed before release, indicating that ad libitum food had reduced nutritional differences between early nestlings in the season and later ones. Despite plentiful food, both sexes lost body mass before release, suggesting an inherent physiological mechanism to improve flight performance in fledglings. We conclude that hacking improved the health and nutritional status of released eagles which is likely to enable birds to cope with greater costs of exploratory behavior which they may require in reintroduction projects. In this context, we note the absence of survival differences between hacked and wild raptors in previous research.
01 Sep 2022Submitted to Ecology and Evolution
01 Sep 2022Submission Checks Completed
01 Sep 2022Assigned to Editor
08 Sep 2022Reviewer(s) Assigned
14 Nov 2022Review(s) Completed, Editorial Evaluation Pending
15 Nov 2022Editorial Decision: Revise Minor
29 Dec 20221st Revision Received
30 Dec 2022Submission Checks Completed
30 Dec 2022Assigned to Editor
30 Dec 2022Review(s) Completed, Editorial Evaluation Pending
11 Jan 2023Editorial Decision: Accept