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\begin{document}

\title{A Chemical Framework for the Preservation of Fossil Vertebrate Cells and
Soft Tissues}



\author[1]{Landon A. Anderson}%
\affil[1]{Department of Biology, North Carolina State University}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 16, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Reports of preserved cells and other soft tissues in pre-Pleistocene
vertebrates, including dinosaurs, have been met with controversy within
the field of vertebrate paleontology. To explain such reports,
Schweitzer et al. (2014) hypothesized that iron-mediated radical
crosslinking preserves ancient soft tissues in a manner somewhat
analogous to histological tissue fixation. In 2018, Wiemann et al.
proposed a second hypothesis that these soft tissues were preserved as
advanced glycation/lipoxidation end products (AGEs/ALEs). The
biogeochemistry underlying these hypotheses, however, remains poorly
described for fossil vertebrates. This review posits a novel chemical
framework describing the persistence of biological ``soft'' tissues into
deep time. The prior iron-mediated radical crosslinking and AGE/ALE
mechanisms are re-described in context of established chemistry from a
diversity of scientific fields. Significantly, this framework
demonstrates the hypotheses presented by Schweitzer et al. (2014) and
Wiemann et al. (2018) are, in many cases, subsequent steps of a single,
unified reaction mechanism, and not separate hypotheses. Knowledge of
the chemical mechanisms underlying vertebrate soft tissue preservation
has direct implications for molecular paleontology and archeology,
including efforts at molecular sequence recovery within the ancient DNA
and paleoproteomic communities. Such implications that are immediately
apparent from examining the chemical framework are discussed.%
\end{abstract}%



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\textbf{Hosted file}

\verb`Earth-Science Reviews revised submission clean version.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/493372/articles/576938-a-chemical-framework-for-the-preservation-of-fossil-vertebrate-cells-and-soft-tissues}

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