Figure 2: Aphid survival, fungal sporulation and dual mortality following challenge by the fungal pathogen P. neoaphidis (A-C). Outcomes of fungal exposure were contrasted between aphids with and without APV ( ) as well as aphids with and without R. insecticola ( ). Aphid survival, mummification and dual-mortality following parasitism by the wasp A. ervi (D-I). Parasitism outcomes were contrasted between aphid with and without APV ( ) as well as between aphids with and without H. defensa ( ). Brackets above indicate contrasts between sublines. Asterisk(s) above bars indicate significant differences (NS = P > 0.05; * = P ≤ 0.05; ** = P ≤ 0.01; *** = P ≤ 0.001; **** = P ≤ 0.0001).