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\begin{document}

\title{Seasonal phytoplankton and geochemical shifts in the subsurface
chlorophyll maximum layer of a dimictic ferruginous lake}



\author[1]{Elizabeth Swanner}%
\author[2]{Marina Wuestner}%
\author[1]{Tania Leung}%
\author[3]{Juergen Pust}%
\author[1]{Micah Fatka}%
\author[1]{Nick Lambrecht}%
\author[4]{Hannah Chmiel}%
\author[5]{Harald Strauss}%
\affil[1]{Iowa State University}%
\affil[2]{University of Tubingen Faculty of Science}%
\affil[3]{Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe}%
\affil[4]{École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne}%
\affil[5]{University of Munster}%


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  \date{May 25, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Subsurface chlorophyll maxima layers (SCML) are ubiquitous features of
stratified aquatic systems. Availability of the micronutrient iron is
known to influence marine SCML, but iron has not been explored in detail
as a factor in the development of freshwater SCML. This study
investigates the relationship between dissolved iron and the SCML within
the dimictic, ferruginous lake Grosses Heiliges Meer in northern
Germany. The occurrence of the SCML under non-ferruginous conditions in
the spring and ferruginous conditions in the fall are context to explore
temporal changes in the phytoplankton community and indicators of
primary productivity. Results indicate that despite more abundant
chlorophyll in the spring, the SCML sits below a likely primary
productivity maximum within the epilimnion, inferred based on co-located
dissolved oxygen, \selectlanguage{greek}δ\selectlanguage{english}13CDIC, and pH maxima. The peak amount of chlorophyll
in the SCML is lower in the fall than in the spring, but in the fall the
SCML is co-located with elevated dissolved iron concentrations and a
local \selectlanguage{greek}δ\selectlanguage{english}13CDIC maximum. Cyanobacteria and Chlorophyta have elevated
abundances within the SCML in the fall. Further investigation of the
relationship of iron to primary productivity within ferruginous SCML may
help to understand the environmental controls on primary productivity in
past ferruginous oceans.%
\end{abstract}%



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