Abstract
Various root-colonizing bacterial species can promote plant growth and
trigger systemic resistance against aboveground leaf pathogens and
herbivore insects. To date, the underlying metabolic signatures of these
rhizobacteria-induced plant phenotypes are poorly understood. To
identify core metabolic pathways that are targeted by growth-promoting
rhizobacteria, we used combinations of three plant species and three
rhizobacterial species and interrogated plant shoot chemistry by
untargeted metabolomics. A substantial part (50-64%) of the metabolites
detected in plant shoot tissue was differentially affected by the
rhizobacteria. Among others, the phenylpropanoid pathway was targeted by
the rhizobacteria in each of the three plant species. Differential
regulation of the various branches of the phenylpropanoid pathways
showed an association with either plant growth promotion or growth
reduction. Overall, suppression of flavonoid biosynthesis was associated
with growth promotion, while growth reduction showed elevated levels of
flavonoids. Subsequent assays with twelve Arabidopsis flavonoid
biosynthetic mutants revealed that the proanthocyanidin branch plays an
essential role in rhizobacteria-mediated growth promotion. Our study
also showed that a number of pharmaceutically and nutritionally relevant
metabolites in the plant shoot were significantly increased by
rhizobacterial treatment, providing new avenues to use rhizobacteria to
tilt plant metabolism towards the biosynthesis of valuable natural plant
products.