The 2004 tectonic and hydrothermal crisis in the Danakil depression:
documenting the last continental step prior to oceanic spreading
Abstract
The Danakil depression in Ethiopia, at the end of the southern Red Sea,
has been the locus of volcanic crises in 2004-10, with emplacement of 15
dykes: one, non-emergent, in Lake Asale next to Black Mountain and south
of the Dallol dome during fall 2004, the others in the Dabbahu-Manda
Hararo rift segment between September 2005 and May 2010. We report on a
hydrothermal crisis that opened a 4.5 km long fissure in the ground, at
the same time the Black Mountain dyke was intruding the crust 2 km away
and parallel to it. The fissure, located north and south of Yellow Lake
(Gaet’ale) and trending NNW-SSE, is still active. Its morphology is
remarkably diversified, but surface evidence of the structural
deformation has been lost over the years. Its formation is coeval with
the intrusion of the Black Mountain dyke intrusion. It is suggested that
after its documented propagation, the Black Mountain dyke propagated
aseismically eastward as a sill, disrupting the stress equilibrium in
the long-living Yellow Lake hydrothermal environment. The stress field
was brought to rupture by the increased deviatoric stress, triggering
the nucleation of a tensile fracture that propagated to the surface and
released the far-field stress already released at depth by the
emplacement of the dyke. This study documents the delicate intermingling
of magmatic, tectonic, and hydrothermal processes at the ultimate step
of continental rifting prior to the earliest stage of oceanic spreading.