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\begin{document}

\title{Geological~ treasure of Guryul ravine section in Kashmir Himalaya -- a
case report~}



\author[1]{Irfan Khursheed Shah}%
\author[2]{Majid Farooq}%
\author[2]{Gowhar Meraj}%
\author[3]{Suraj Kumar Singh}%
\author[4]{Shruti Kanga}%
\affil[1]{Government Degree College Pampore, Higher Education Department, Government of Jammu and Kashmir, India}%
\affil[2]{Department of Ecology, Environment and Remote Sensing, Government of Jammu and Kashmir, Kashmir India}%
\affil[3]{Centre for Sustainable Development, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur Rajasthan India}%
\affil[4]{Centre for Climate Change and Water Research, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur Rajasthan India}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 27, 2024}


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\textbf{Abstract}

Globally researchers have unraveled unique locations that helped to
understand the chronology of the critical events concerning the Earth's
past. Among such geological events, the time-shot of the
Permian-Triassic (P-Tr) extinction event is one of the significant
revelations concerning the end and start of life on Earth. Among various
geological sites in the world that contain the critical information
regarding the P-Tr extinction event, Guryul ravine in Kashmir India is
geologically a treasure. It bears specimens of primordial corals, small
invertebrates, plants, and a group of mammal resembling reptiles, called
therapsids. Due to its immense importance, the Government of India had
decided to accredit the site of Guryul ravine section as an
international fossil park.~ However, due to political turmoil in the
region and unabated mining and industrial activities within the vicinity
of it, has threatened the very existence of this scientific wealth. This
paper reviews the importance of the Guryul Ravine Section, paleoclimatic
conditions of that time, and the current threats it is facing to
stimulate the stakeholders for the conservation of this site in the
global scientific interest.

~\textbf{Keywords}: Paleo Climate Change; ~Permian--Triassic (P--Tr)
boundary; P--Tr mass extinction; ~Guryul Ravine; Kashmir Himalaya

~\textbf{Introduction}

Guryul ravine is a fossil enriched area of Kashmir, just south of the
Srinagar city. It is a representative of the Permian--Triassic (P--Tr )
extinction event, or the Great Permian Extinction (Chen et al. 2009;
Tiwari et al. 2015). Guryul thus possesses a record of a significant
geological phenomenon that took place about 251.9 million years ago
during the pre-dinosaur Permian period (Becker et al. 2001). Guryul
Ravine was known to British geologists as back as the 1880s Sir Walter
Lawrence (1895) places on record in his famous book ``Valley of
Kashmir'' of having obtained specimens of Triassic age from the area. He
also mentions the fossils specimens being collected earlier by
Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Haversham Godwin-Austen, a British
Geoscientist, who first discovered Guryul's fossils in 1886 (Lawrence
1895). ~Since then, in every decade, geologists from all over the world
have been writing and researching about Guryul (Sweet 1970; Teichert et
al. 1970; Kapoor and Sahni 1971; Furnish et al. 1973; Shimizu 1981; Wang
1990; Kapoor 1996; Algeo et al. 2007; Brosse et al. 2017). Fig. 1 shows
the location of the Guryul ravine in relation to the Kashmir valley, UT
of Jammu and Kashmir, and India.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/Fig--1jpeg/Fig--1jpeg}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Fig. 1} The location map of the Kashmir valley (c) in relation
to the UT of Jammu and Kashmir (b) and India (a). The location map of
the Guryul ravine (d) in relation to the Kashmir valley. Field
photograph of the Guryul ravine (e). The map coordinates are in the UTM
43 (North) World Geodetic System (WGS-1984) reference system

\par\null

In the 2000s, when the expanding cement industry of Kashmir started
encroaching and crushing fossils to cement, the outcry regarding the
conservation of the Guryul was wide-spread (Basu 2008; Tiwari et al.
2015). Some measures were taken to prevent the loss but not sufficient
to prevent the criminal damages caused by encroachment and mining mafia.
Recently Guryul has been again in the news for good reasons, as the
government yielding to local activism has finally decided to protect
Guryul and rechristen it as International Fossil Park (Kashmir Reader
2016)\textbf{.} However, since 2016 due to the political turmoil, the
whole process has been on halt. On the contrary, there is every
possibility that if the current imbroglio continues in the region, time
is not far that we will lose this scientific treasure to human greed.
This paper summarizes the most critical publications carried on the
Guryul ravine and using them to stress upon the stakeholders of the
Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir of the need for its conservation.

\textbf{Guryul -- A geological treasure}

Guryul provides a critical material for the study of paleo-life forms
and paleoclimate dynamics. Similar sites are found in other parts of the
world, however not as best preserved as Guryul (Furnish et al. 1973;
Singh et al. 2015). Hundreds and Thousands of pre-dinosaur fossils lie
strewn in the rocks of the ravine, rated by geologists as the world`s
premier site for the study of species from the Permian period
(Brookfield et al. 2013). Guryul Ravine section is comprised of beds
equivalent to the highest horizons of Permian and lowest horizons of
Triassic (Orchard et al. 1994). Well-preserved marine elements, as well
as some terrestrial remains, have been recovered from the Guryul Ravine
section and thus rendering important biologic perception of the
Permian--Triassic boundary (PTB) event (Hongfu et al. 2001; Singh et al.
2015). Fossil beds in the rocky Guryul Ravine bear specimens
representing a diversity of ancient life like primordial corals, small
invertebrates, plants, and a group of mammal resembling reptiles, called
as therapsids (Sch\selectlanguage{ngerman}önlaub 1991; Brosse et al. 2017). The lower part of
Guryul Ravine contains beds with fossils of brachiopods, crinoids, and
bryozoans (Wignall et al. 2005).

In contrast, as in the upper part of the shale bed, these fossils
disappear, and relics of the Triassic period appear (Haas et al. 2004).
The fossilified samples obtained from rocks depict the mass extinction
event that probably happened between the Permian and Triassic periods
about 251 million years ago (Huang et al. 2019). Patwardhan (2012)
describes Guryul Ravine as the most illustrious and well preserved
faunal assemblage of mega fossils. The Guryul Ravine section, in
Kashmir, with support from the Pahalgam section, is one of the best
reference sections for the transition beds (Kapoor 2003; Kozur et al.
1995; Kumar et al. 2017). The PTB section at Guryul Ravine, Kashmir, is
greater than a hundred meters thick (Algeo et al. 2007). Further,
conformable succession of mixed siliciclastic--carbonate sediments in
the ramp setting of this ravine is apparent (Mir et al. 2016). Fig. 2
shows the geology of the area in and around Guryul ravine.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/Fig--2jpeg/Fig--2jpeg}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Fig. 2} Geology map of the area in and around Guryul Ravine

Guryul ravine is one of the very few places in the world where the
Permian-Triassic boundary can be seen clearly (Rostovtsev and Azaryan
1973). Guryul ravine section is divided into different chronozones
(standard time units), and each chronozone is equivalent to almost 5m
thick unit at Guryul standard section (Guirong and Grant 2003). Some
geologists have reported Guryul as a continuous unbroken record of PT
strata (Wadia 1919; Grant and Cooper 1973; Sokratov 1983; Orchard et al.
1994). In contrast, some workers have reported a sort of physical
discontinuity between the top of Zewan Unit D and the base of Khonmoh
Unit E (Wang 2002). \textbf{} The Guryul Ravine P--Tr boundary
succession in the Kashmir Himalaya belongs to the peri-Gondwanan region
that covered the northern margin of Gondwana and the southern margin of
Palaeotethys/Neo-Tethys (Fig. 3) \textbf{} (Singh et al. 2015; Wang et
al. 2017; Brookfield et al. 2019). It was considered as a standard
reference section (SRS) for both upper Permian and lower Triassic
biostratigraphy and provided an excellent P-T boundary record (Haas et
al. 2007).\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/Fig--3jpeg/Fig--3jpeg}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Fig. 3} Late Permian palaeogeography of the Guryul ravine
(adapted from as it is, Brookfield et al. 2020)

The Guryul section has been investigated for the possible causes of the
mass extinction as well as for the geochemical records for
post-depositional alteration (Brookfield et al., 2013). The P--Tr
boundary section at Guryul represents a catastrophic event in Earth's
history, in which more than 96\% of marine and 70\% terrestrial life
went extinct (Haas et al. 2007). The Guryul Ravine section retains some
of the original geochemical depositional signatures (Williams et al.
2012). Positive cerium anomaly recorded at the Guryul Ravine P--Tr
boundary section by Algeo et al., 2007, the formation of pyrite
frambroids (Wignall et al. 2004) points towards a wide-spread anoxia
event occurring in the Tethys during the late Permian period (Williams
et al. 2012). Shukla et al. 2002, also concluded that the ferruginous
layer was deposited during anoxia event. Global ocean anoxia is also
considered one of the widely accepted theories explaining the End
Permian extinction. The other theories of mass extinction during P--Tr
include Mercury anomaly (Sanei et al. 2011) and methanogenic bursts from
microbes (Rothmana et al. 2014).

Evidence of sea-level rise during the late Permian is found in the lower
sections of Guryul Ravine, and the up sections show a decrease in
thickness and occurrence of storm beds, and a general reduction in grain
size (Baud et al. 1996; Brookfield et al. 2003; Korte et al. 2010).
Faunal and lithological change in several sections also suggests that
marine transgression occurred (Shen et al. 2006). At Guryul Ravine,
there is a depletion of diversity in the benthic community; the
reduction in diversity consequences with the appearance of
Hindeodusparvus, other nektonic ammonoids, and other Triassic taxa
(Brookfield et al. 2003; Bhargava et al. 2020). Marine transgression
coincides with, and probably caused the spread of anoxic bottom waters
over well-oxygenated shallow shelves (Demaison and Moore 1980; Wignall
et al. 2004; Williams et al. 2011). Marine transgression had a minor, if
any, role in the End Permian extinction (Brookfield et al. 2003;
Nabbefeld et al. 2010; Schoepfer et al. 2012). Many ``transgression''
researchers believe the End Permian extinction to be gradual (Twitchett
et al. 2001; Ward et al. 2005). The transgressive period led to the
spread of low O\textsubscript{2} waters onto the shallow shelf, which
further impacted the species abundance and diversity (R\selectlanguage{ngerman}öhl et al. 2001;
Harper et al. 2004).

Brookfield et al. ~(2013) proposed that the Guryul ravine section
contains 7m thick seismite-tsunamite successions. The research
interprets two, 2-m-thick sandstone to sandy limestone containing
liquefaction features as seismites, while three lenticular, graded,
hummocky cross-stratified bioclastic grainstones as tsunami deposits.
The same research attributes frequent Tsunamis at that time to massive
early explosive eruptions of the Siberian Traps large igneous province
(Payne and Clapham 2012). The global anoxia and the Tsunami theory at
that time are illustrative (Virgili 2008). However, the proposed
Tsunamite theory is contested by many workers who believe that local
seismic activity seems to be a far more logical explanation of the
Guryul formations than the eruption of the Siberian Traps more than 6000
km away (Janbu et al. 2004; Shellnutt 2016).

In July 1984, members of the Permian-Triassic Boundary Working Group
(PTBWG) polled it informally as a favored stratotype for the
Permo-Triassic. During a workshop at Calgary meeting (1993), the PTBWG
again proposed four candidates for the stratotype of this boundary,
i.e., Meishan of Zhejiang, Guryul Ravine of Kashmir, Shangsi of Sichuan,
and Selong of Tibet (Tewari et al. 2015). In 1996, Guryul was a
candidate for the Permian--Triassic Global Stratotype Section and Point
(GSSP) by International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS). But due to
political turmoil in Kashmir, and absence of significant work done to
satisfy the ICS conditions, Meishan-D in Zhejiang Province, China, was
selected as GSSP (Yin et al. 2001). Despite not being a GSSP it
continues to be favorite among geoscientists due to the advantage of
being intensely condensed to the extent that an interval of early
Triassic time recorded in the Southern Alps of Italy, Primorye, or the
western United States of 100 m of rock is represented in the Guryul
Ravine section by as little as 9m to a maximum of only 29 m (Brookfield
et al. 2020). The Proximal inner continental margin conditions are also
well preserved in the units at the Guryul Ravine P--Tr boundary section
in Kashmir (Algeo et al. 2007).

\textbf{Conclusion and need for the conservation of Guryul~~~~~}

The above review bears the testimony about the tremendous wealth of
knowledge that has got unraveled through Guryul ravine in the field of
Pr-Tr event. Hence, Guryul is nature's living laboratory that holds the
lessons not only on Pr-Tr event but on the impact of climate change on
the global earth system.~ It is reported that anoxia during the P-Tr
event was due to heating of the Earth's atmosphere. Mushrooming of
cement industries and open-cast and low-intensity mining of limestones
in the area has made it imperative to protect Guryul Ravine so that
scientists from all over the world keep deriving enthralling facts from
its study. Declaration of Guryul Ravine as an international fossil park
is an essential step in this direction; however, it must be initiated as
soon as possible so that mining and industrial activity, through
stringent legislation, ceases in its surroundings. Further, the amount
of research that has been done on Guryul can be used as evidence to
support the Geoscientific community that strives to certify the guryul
as GSSP site. It is also vital that other adjoining complementary P-Tr
Sections of Mandakpal, Pahalgam, Barus, and Liam should also be
protected in the global scientific interest and spared from mining (Fig.
4). International scientific fraternity must stand for guryul and bring
forth its importance to the local policymakers.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/Fig--4jpeg/Fig--4jpeg}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Fig. 4} Google Earth snapshots of mining activities happening in
and around Guryul ravine.

~

\textbf{Acknowledgments}

The authors would like to thank Prof. G. M. Bhat, Postgraduate
Department of Geology, University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir State,
India for his tireless efforts spanning more than 30 years in bringing
the Guryul ravine to the global research platform.

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