Fig. 1 Genotype means (± SE) (left panels) and effect sizes (right panels) illustrating ploidy level and source population effects on growth, phytochemical and leaf physiological traits (different boxes). Genotype means are shown for each of eight different diploid and triploid genotypes from the Great Lakes population (Wisconsin) and Intermountain West population (Utah). Data points are horizontally jittered to reduce overlapping. The corresponding effect size plots show the relative explanatory importance of each fixed effect as the partial R2 value and the proportion of variance explained by each random effect in the trait model. Asterisks indicate statistical significance (p< 0.050). Statistics for fixed effects and random intercepts are shown in the supplementary data Table S1. LWR = leaf weight ratios (including roots), dw = dry weight.