Solute transport through unsteady hydrologic systems along a plug
flow-to-uniform sampling continuum
Abstract
Unsteady transit time distribution (TTD) theory is a promising new
approach for merging hydrologic and water quality models at the
catchment scale. A major obstacle to widespread adoption of the theory,
however, has been the specification of the StorAge Selection (SAS)
function, which describes how the selection of water for outflow is
biased by age. In this paper we hypothesize that some unsteady
hydrologic systems of practical interest can be described, to
first-order, by a “shifted-uniform” SAS that falls along a continuum
between plug flow sampling (for which only the oldest water in storage
is sampled for outflow) and uniform sampling (for which water in storage
is sampled randomly for outflow). For this choice of SAS function,
explicit formulae are derived for the evolving: (1) age distribution of
water in storage; (2) age distribution of water in outflow; and (3)
breakthrough concentration of a conservative solute under either
continuous or impulsive addition. Model predictions conform closely to
chloride and deuterium breakthrough curves measured previously in a
sloping lysimeter subject to periodic wetting, although refinements of
the model are needed to account for the reconfiguration of flow paths at
high storage levels (the so-called inverse storage effect). The
analytical results derived in this paper should lower the barrier to
applying TTD theory in practice, ease the computational demands
associated with simulating solute transport through complex hydrologic
systems, open up new opportunities for real-time control, and provide
physical insights that might not be apparent from traditional numerical
solutions of the governing equations.