Narcolepsy with cataplexy is an often underestimated disorder in both its primary and secondary forms. As with epilepsy, narcolepsy and cataplexy pose a high risk of injury to the patient. Yet, narcoleptics have historically received poorer care than epileptics with regard to non-pharmacological aids. This "White Paper" informs both professionals and patients about protective measures that are advisable.

Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation is the most benign cause of brownish discolorations of the skin. For this reason it has been little researched. In times of increasing treatments in the field of cosmetic medicine and simultaneous increased attention to the issue of skin cancer, a lack of knowledge may lead to over-treatment of post-inflammatory skin lesions.

The majority of seborrheic keratoses can be reliably differentiated clinically from a melanocytic nevus. In case of difficult findings, for example at unusual localization, dermatoscopy is the key method for diagnosis. In the near future, developments in artificial intelligence (A.I.) might help to classify the findings. Initial results from studies are promising in this regard.

Narcolepsy is a model disease for many sleep-wake disorders, a dyssomnia. Diagnostically important is the so-called "narcoleptic tetrad": Daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic hallucinations. Common differential diagnoses are epilepsy, psychoses, pharmacological influences and sleep disorders. The correct diagnosis is often made too late. Often, negative psychosocial consequences of narcolepsy have already occurred for the patients in the meantime, which can be prevented by an early diagnosis. Therefore, the objective of this White Paper is to raise more awareness in the medical community.

The understanding of dysplastic (also known as atypical) nevi as a precursor lesion of malignant melanoma is hampered by incongruities on different levels. Neither epidemiological data nor clinical and histomorphological features nor biological aspects are suitable to prove a sequential tumor progression from nevi to melanoma. With respect to basic mechanisms of malignant transformation such as proliferation rate and telomerase activity, no significant differences between dysplastic and other nevi could be found. Thus, the dysplastic nevus represents a type of benign nevi and is to be distinguished from early forms of malignant melanoma in diagnostics. Their use as an easy to take "emergency exits" for pathologists must come to an end.

H63D syndrome is a unique phenotype (clinical picture) of a homozygous mutation of the HFE gene H63D, which is otherwise known to cause at most mild classical hemochromatosis. H63D syndrome is associated with iron overload in the body (especially in the brain, heart, liver, skin and male gonads), but in the form of non-transferrin bound iron (NTBI), not as ferritin. It is an incurable multi-organ disease, leading to permanent disability, which can only be influenced by early diagnosis and a very careful reduction of iron intake (under constant monitoring) as early as in childhood and youth. Our goal was to better highlight the characteristic symptoms of this rare disease to further reduce the risk of missing diagnosing this dangerous condition correctly, even on a primary care level.