Indiana chronosequence stands:
The ~85-year-old (IN 85yo) (39° 19’ 23.52”, -86° 24’ 47.16”) and ~35-year-old (IN 35yo) (39° 19’ 19.87”, -86° 28’ 51.92”) IN stands were located in Morgan-Monroe State Forest, a temperate forest with 1032 mm mean annual precipitation and 10.85 ⁰C mean annual temperature (Roman et al ., 2015). Dominant species were A. saccharum, L. tulipifera, Q. alba, Sassafras albidumNutt., Quercus rubra L., and dense Lindera benzoinL. understory. Mean canopy height was 20 m and 30 m in IN 35yo and IN 85yo, respectively. Deep silt clay loam soils characterized the sites (90 –120 cm). The ~15-year-old stand (IN 15yo) (39° 13’ 10.93”, -86° 32’ 30.96”) was a nearby (<20 km) regenerating planting with similar species composition located at The Indiana University Research and Teaching Preserve’s Bayles Road site. There, 5-year-old saplings of common Indiana forest tree species were planted in 2006 at a spacing of 5.25m \(\times\) 5.25m and in random 12\(\times\) 12 arrangements (Flory & Clay, 2010). Mean canopy height in IN 15yo was 5 m.