Community composition at multi-hierarchical levels
The overall turnover (βsim ) among sampling points
was high for all the arthropod groups and at the multiple levels
analysed (close to 1, βsim haplotypes from 0.904
to 0.957; βsim 3% from 0.896 to 0.945; Figure
S4) and so the average pairwise βsne was close to
zero, βsne haplotypes from 0.010 to 0.026;βsne 3% from 0.014 to 0.033. The mean value forβsim of haplotypes of Coleoptera (n=136) was
0.957, the average pairwise βsne was 0.014, andβtotal was 0.970 (βsor ).
For Diptera (n=385), the mean value for βsim was
0.904, the average pairwise βsne was 0.024, and
the mean for average pairwise βsor was 0.928.
The NMDS ordination plots showed differences in community composition
among sampling sites, particularly for those located in the western (AAB
and ASB) and eastern (SJH and TLC) sampling points within Nevado de
Toluca (Figure 4). The ANOSIM results showed that differences were
significant for the different groups and multi-hierarchical levels
analysed dissimilarity, except Myriapoda (Figure 4). The orders Diptera,
Collembola, Hemiptera and Coleoptera formed two groups related to the
geographic origin of the samples: 1) AAB-ASB (West) and 2) SJH-TLC
(East), and Arachnida had three groups: 1) AAB, 2) ASB and 3) SJH-TLC
(Figure 4). The variation in Collembola, Arachnida and Diptera among
sites largely contributed to the distinct spatial distribution patterns.
The highest values were observed in Collembola (Haplotyper 2 = 0.914, p < 0.001; CL3r 2 = 0.826, p < 0.001; CL5r 2 = 0.817, p < 0.001),
followed by Arachnida (Haplotype r 2 = 0.569,p < 0.001; CL3 r 2 = 0.452,p < 0.001; CL5 r 2 = 0.461,p < 0.001), and Diptera (Haplotyper 2 = 0.595, p < 0.001; CL3r 2 = 0.372, p < 0.001; CL5r 2 = 0.369, p < 0.001; Figure
4).