Community composition at multi-hierarchical levels
The overall turnover (βsim ) among sampling points was high for all the arthropod groups and at the multiple levels analysed (close to 1, βsim haplotypes from 0.904 to 0.957; βsim 3% from 0.896 to 0.945; Figure S4) and so the average pairwise βsne was close to zero, βsne haplotypes from 0.010 to 0.026;βsne 3% from 0.014 to 0.033. The mean value forβsim of haplotypes of Coleoptera (n=136) was 0.957, the average pairwise βsne was 0.014, andβtotal was 0.970 (βsor ). For Diptera (n=385), the mean value for βsim was 0.904, the average pairwise βsne was 0.024, and the mean for average pairwise βsor was 0.928.
The NMDS ordination plots showed differences in community composition among sampling sites, particularly for those located in the western (AAB and ASB) and eastern (SJH and TLC) sampling points within Nevado de Toluca (Figure 4). The ANOSIM results showed that differences were significant for the different groups and multi-hierarchical levels analysed dissimilarity, except Myriapoda (Figure 4). The orders Diptera, Collembola, Hemiptera and Coleoptera formed two groups related to the geographic origin of the samples: 1) AAB-ASB (West) and 2) SJH-TLC (East), and Arachnida had three groups: 1) AAB, 2) ASB and 3) SJH-TLC (Figure 4). The variation in Collembola, Arachnida and Diptera among sites largely contributed to the distinct spatial distribution patterns. The highest values were observed in Collembola (Haplotyper 2 = 0.914, p < 0.001; CL3r 2 = 0.826, p < 0.001; CL5r 2 = 0.817, p < 0.001), followed by Arachnida (Haplotype r 2 = 0.569,p < 0.001; CL3 r 2 = 0.452,p < 0.001; CL5 r 2 = 0.461,p < 0.001), and Diptera (Haplotyper 2 = 0.595, p < 0.001; CL3r 2 = 0.372, p < 0.001; CL5r 2 = 0.369, p < 0.001; Figure 4).