Abstract
The structure of Apteryx’s eggshell has generated much debate over the
decades because it does not fit well with most allometric predictions.
Apteryx eggshells are unusually thin and have been reported to be 60%
less porous than expected. It has been suggested that these adaptations
are compensations for a very long incubation period. Most studies so far
have been carried out in what has been reported as Apteryx australis,
and using infertile eggs or eggs laid in captivity. However, A.
australis once comprised all kiwi with brown plumage, now separated into
three distinct species: Brown Kiwi (A.mantelli), Rowi (A.rowi), and
Tokoeka (A.australis). These three species use different habitats and
live at different latitudes and altitudes. In addition, captive eggs are
much smaller than wild laid eggs. These confounding factors make
necessary to revise the assumptions made for Apteryx in the past. In
this study, we analysed the physical characteristics of the Apteryx
eggshells making a comparison between the three species of brown
coloured kiwi and for some of the analysis we included some specimens of
Roroa (A. haastii, Great Spotted Kiwi). We found that shell
characteristics are different between the different species studied. The
pore area of Apteryx eggshells was higher than previously suggested, and
the water vapour conductance was much closer to what is expected for an
egg that size. We found several new features such as triangular mineral
particles composing the cuticle, only reported for a cretaceous
Theropod, and the presence of plugs and caps on the eggshell pores. We
suggest that the characteristics of the eggshells of the different
species relate to the mating system of each species in addition to
environmental variables, particularly pluviosity. We also suggest that
the erosion of the cuticle during incubation is an adaptation to a long
incubation period in a burrow.