Apocynin prevents cigarette smoking-induced loss of skeletal muscle mass
and function by preserving proteostatic signalling
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Cigarette smoking (CS) is the major risk factor
for developing COPD and related skeletal muscle dysfunction. It has been
postulated that CS exposure may directly causes muscle dysfunction via
the induction of oxidative stress. The present study examined the effect
of a potent Nox inhibitor and ROS scavenger, apocynin on CS-induced
muscle dysfunction. Experimental Approach: Male BALB/c mice were exposed
to either room air (sham) or CS generated from 9 cigarettes per day, 5
days a week for 8 weeks with or without apocynin treatment (5 mg·kg-1
w/v, intraperitoneal injection). C2C12 myotubes exposed to either
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or water-soluble cigarette smoke extract (CSE)
with or without apocynin (500 nM), was set up as an experimental model
in vitro. Key Results: Eight weeks of CS exposure caused significant
lung inflammation and muscle dysfunction in mice; evidenced by a 10%
loss in muscle mass and 54% loss in contractile function of tibialis
anterior, attributable to altered myogenic homeostasis and protein
oxidation. These effects were prevented by apocynin administration. In
C2C12 myotubes, direct exposure to H2O2 or CSE caused myofiber wasting,
which was associated with altered myogenic homeostasis marked by
~50% loss in muscle-derived insulin-like growth factor
(IGF)-1 and 1.5-fold increase in myostatin expression. Apocynin
treatment completely attenuated CSE-induced Nox2 expression, preserving
muscle-derived IGF-1 expression and downstream mammalian target of
rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway, thereby preventing myofiber wasting.
Conclusion and Implications: Targeted pharmacological inhibition of
Nox-derived ROS may alleviate the lung and systemic manifestations in
smokers with COPD.