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\begin{document}

\title{The role of shallow convection in the momentum budget of the trades from
large-eddy-simulation hindcasts}



\author[1]{Kevin Christopher Helfer}%
\author[1]{Louise Nuijens}%
\author[1]{Vishal Dixit}%
\affil[1]{Delft University of Technology}%


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  \date{May 20, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Motivated by the abundance of low clouds in the subtropics, where the
easterly trade winds prevail, we study the role of shallow convection in
the momentum budget of the trades. To this end, we use ICON-LEM
hindcasts run over the North Atlantic for twelve days corresponding to
the NARVAL1 (winter) and NARVAL2 (summer) flight campaigns. The
simulation protocol consists of several nested domains, and we focus on
the inner domains ([?]100x100 km2) that have been run at resolutions of
150--600 m, which are subjected to a realistically varying flow that has
developed in the outer domain. Combined, the resolved advection and the
subgrid stresses decelerate the easterly flow from the surface up to
about 2 km in winter and 1 km in summer, a result that is insensitive to
horizontal resolution. The unresolved processes are strongest near
surface and are well captured by traditional K-diffusion theory, but
convective-scale motions that are not considered in K-diffusion theory
contribute the most in the upper part of mixed layer and are strongest
just below cloud base. The results point out that convection in the
mixed-layer --- the roots of trade-wind cumuli and subcloud layer
circulations --- play an important role in slowing down easterly flow
below cloud base (but little in the cloud layer itself), which helps
make the zonal wind jet more distinct. Most of the friction within the
clouds and near the wind jet stems from smaller-scale turbulence
stresses.%
\end{abstract}%



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