Author Year Study design Patient population Number of patients Country
Pacharn et al 2001 Retrospective cohort Cardiac surgery, paediatirc 374 United States
McCormick et al 2002 Retrospecrtive cohort Cardiac surgery, adult 1,000 United Kingdom
Mandegar et al 2007 Randomised controlled trial Cardiac surgery, adult 315 Iran
Khan et al 2008 Prospective cohort Cardiac surgery, adult 151 United Kingdom
Whitehouse et al 2009 Prospectice cohort Thoracic surgery, adult 74 United Kingdom
Stather et al 2010 Prospective cohort Cardiac and thoracic surgery, paediatric 93 United Kingdom
Saucier et al 2010 Case control Thoracic surgery, adult 50 United States
Eisenberg et al 2010 Prospective cohort Cardiac surgery, adult 400 United States
Tolsma et al 2011 Prospective cohort Cardiac surgery, adult 214 The Netherlands
Woodward et al 2011 Prospective cohort Cardiac surgery, paediatirc 53 United States
Cunningham et al 2014 Retrospective cohort Thoracic surgery, paediatric 146 United States
Johnson et al 2017 Retrospectice cohort Thoracic surgery, paediatric 179 United States
McGrath et al 2017 Retrospective cohort Thoracic surgery, paediatric 281 United States
Galetin et al 2019 Prospective cohort Thoracic surgery, adult 123 Germany
Porter et al 2019 Retrospective cohort Thoracic surgery, adult 241 United States
LaGrasta et al 2020 Retrospective cohort Cardiac surgery, paediatric 11,651 United States
Kanamori et al 2021 Retrospective cohort Thoracic surgery, paediatric 102 United States
Zukowski et al 2022 Retrospective cohort Thoracic surgery, adult 433 United States