Animal hormone Range Function of hormones in plant Concentration
Melatonin Molecular: 232.28 Medical: 0.02-0.36 mg/kg (Jain et al., 2015; Braam et al., 2009) (about 0.09~1.54*10-3 mM)
Physiology
Decrease ROS and reactive nitrogen
0.04 ng/g (Kang, Lee, Park, Byeon, & Back, 2013; Murch, Alan, Cao, & Saxena, 2009)
Activate the growth of fruit and seeds 0.01 μg/L (Arnao & Hernández, 2014; Sarropoulou et al., 2012; Byeon & Back, 2014; Wei et al., 2015)
regulate the activity of antioxidant enzymes 10 mM (Zhao et al., 2017)
Promote lateral and adventitious rooting 5*10-4 mM (Arnao & Hernández, 2014; Sarropoulou et al., 2012; Byeon & Back, 2014)
Modify the development pattern of stems and leaves 10−4 mM (Arnao & Hernández, 2015)
Delay chlorophylls lost during leaf-induced senescence 0.1 mM (Zhao et al., 2015; Arnao & Hernández, 2009)
Regulate photosynthetic systems, CO2 uptake and biomass 0.1 mM (Zhao et al., 2015;Zhao et al., 2017)
Function as a chronoregulator in circadian rhythms
endogenous 0.25 ng/g ~158 ng/g (Arnao & Hernández, 2015)
Affect the different stages of flowering development 0.02 mM (Huang et al., 2017; Kolář, Johnson, & Macháčková, 2003)
Influence the early stages of photoperiodic flower induction 0.5 mM (Huang et al., 2017; Kolář, Johnson, & Macháčková, 2003)
Environmental stress
Improve resistance to biotic and abiotic stress
low temperatures (10-4 mM) (Fu et al., 2017) salt (0.015 mM) (Zeng et al., 2018), drought (0.05 mM) (Wei et al., 2015), UV irradiation (endogenous 8000 ng/g) (Arnao & Hernández, 2015) chemical stressors (5 *10-3 mM) (Mandal et al., 2018)
Strengthen the plant immune system by affect defense-related genes 0.1 mM~1 mM (Shi et al., 2015; Yang et al., 2010; Qian, Tan, Reiter, & Shi, 2015)
Regulate plant physiological ion balance 0.03 mM (Wei et al., 2015; Zeng et al., 2018)
Improve resistance to the fungal pathogen 0.5~2.1 ng,g (Lee, Byeon, & Back, 2014; Yin et al., 2013; Li et al., 2018)
Lead to the accumulation of soluble sugars 0.02 mM (Qian, Tan, Reiter, & Shi, 2015)
Dopamine (DA) Molecular: 153.18 Medical: 1.6~ 7.7 mg/ kg (Schnuelle et al., 2017; Jaja et al., 2020; Lou et al., 2016, Backer et al., 2010) (about 10.5*10-3~5.3 mM)
Environmental stress
Alleviate inhibition of salt by mineral management
0.1 ~ 0.2 mM (Li et al., 2015)
Promote alkali tolerance of apple seedlings 2*10-4 mM (Jiao et al., 2019)
Alleviate drought stress in apple seedlings 0.1 mM (Gao et al., 2020)
Alleviate nutrient deficiency-induced stress 0.1 mM (Li et al., 2015, Gao et al., 2020)
Maintain photosynthetic capacity in plants 0.1~0.2 mM (Li et al., 2015)
Physiology Change stomatal behavior 0.1 mM (Gao et al., 2020)
Affect the uptake of K, N, P, S, Cu and Mn 0.1~0.2 mM (Li et al., 2015, Gao et al., 2020)
Regulate carbon metabolism and nitrogen metabolism 0.05 ~ 0.2 mM (Lan et al., 2020)
Enhance antioxidant activity against ROS 0.1~1.0 mM (Li et al., 2015; Gomes et al., 2014)
Regulate the expression of five SOS pathway genes 0.1 ~ 0.2 mM (Li et al., 2015)
Acetylcholine (ACh) Molecular: 146.20 Medical:10−7−1 M (Kimura et al., 1985; Lee, & Tsai, 1976; Shibasaki et al., 2009) (about 10−4~103 mM)
Physiology
Accelerate seed germination
10-6 mM~0.3 mM (Tretyn, & Kendrick, 1991)
Accelerate plant growth 10-2 ~0.16 mM (Tretyn, & Kendrick, 1991; Bamel, Gupta, & Gupta, 2015)
Inhibit lateral root development of soybean in higher doses >10-2 mM (Bamel, Gupta, & Gupta, 2015, Sugiyama, & Tezuka, 2011)
Indirect stimulation of cell expansion 10-4 mM (Sansebastiano et al., 2014)
Affect photoperiodic induction of flowering 10-2 mM (Tretyn, & Kendrick, 1991)
Interact with endogenous plant hormone 0.1~1 mM (Sansebastiano et al., 2014)
Adjust antioxidant enzyme activity 0.1 mM (Kim, Park, & Back, 2009)
Inhibit ATP synthesis 10 mM (Tretyn, & Kendrick, 1991; Bamel, Gupta, & Gupta, 2015)
Control of stomatal movement 10-4~1 mM (Tretyn, & Kendrick, 1991; Bamel, Gupta, & Gupta, 2015)
Environmental stress Improve resistance to abiotic stress, such as salt and drought stress 10-2 mM (Kim, Park, & Back, 2009)
Regulate plant physiological osmotic balance 10-6 mM (Braga, Pissolato, & Souza, 2017)
Serotonin (SER) Molecular: 176.22 Medical:0.5mg/ kg (Crockett et al., 2015; Ye et al., 2014; Wouters et al., 2007) (about 0.2~2.8*10-3 mM)
Environmental stress
Against invading pathogens infection and insect by strengthened cell wall
10 mM (Ramakrishna, Giridhar, & Ravishankar, 2011, Kang, Kim, Park, & Back, 2009)
Adaptation to environmental changes 0.2 mM (Kang et al., 2007)
Against abiotic stresses such as cold and salt stress 0.015 mM (Mukherjee et al., 2014; Ishihara et al., 2008)
Physiology Induce seed germination and development 10-5 mM (Ramakrishna, Giridhar, & Ravishankar, 2011)
Regulate root development
stimulate,10~160 mM; inhibit, 160~600 mM (Pelagio et al., 2011)
Light mediated responses of plant 10~50 mM (Leclercq et al., 2002)
Protect plants from the oxidative damage and senescence 10-4~5 *10-4 mM (Kang et al., 2007)
Delay of senescence and maintenance of plant tissues 0.1~0.5 mM (Erland et al., 2015; Erland, Turi, & Saxena, 2016)
Induce root and shoot organogenesis 0.005~0.03 mM (Erland et al., 2018)
Interact with endogenous plant hormones 0.01~0.03 mM (Erland et al., 2018)
Regulate in the reproductive flexibility of higher plants endogenous 1.2~1.3 μmol/g (Ramakrishna, Giridhar, & Ravishankar, 2011)
Norepinephrine (NE) Molecular: 169.18 Medical: 806.4-16000 μg/ kg (Venet et al., 2015; Permpikul et al., 2019; Backer et al., 2010) (about 4.76 ~95*10-3 mM)
Physiology
Induce flower-inducing activity in lemna
2 mM (Yokoyama et al., 2000)
Stimulate ethylene synthesis in some plant 50 mM (Elstner et al., 1976)
Epinephrine (Epi) Molecular: 183.20 Medical:0.000045-0.016mg/kg (Perkins et al., 2018; Carpenter, Smith, & Bridenbaugh, 1989; Tai-Cherng et al., 2006) (about 0.024 ~8.7*10-5 mM)
Physiology
Release the inhibition of flowering by increasing cAMP and Ca2+
0.01 and 0.05 mM (Ives & Posner, 1982)
Stimulate somatic embryogenesis from orchardgrass 0.01~0.1 mM (Kuklin & Conger, 1995)
Affect plant hormone levels such as ethylene 0.1~0.5 mM (Elstner et al., 1976; Kuklin & Conger, 1995)
Progesterone (PROG) Molecular: 314.46 Medical:3.34-7.62 mg/ kg (Coomarasamy et al., 2015; Tosun et al., 2019; Milivojevic, Sinha, Morgan, Sofuoglu, Fox, 2014; Fox, Sofuoglu, Morgan, Tuit, & Sinha, 2013; Evans, & Foltin, 2006) (about10.6 ~24.2*10-3 mM)
Physiology
Regulate growth of seedlings
stimulate, 10-4 mM; inhibit, 0.1 mM (Iino et al., 2007)
Influence on plant mineral management 10-12~0.1 mM (Dumlupinar et al., 2011)
Induce the flower in winter wheat 10-3 and 10-2 mM (Janeczko, Filek, Biesaga, Marcińska, & Janeczko,2003)
Stimulate the elongation of shoots 0.08 mM (Bhattacharya & Gupta, 1981)
Stimulate the growth of sunflower roots 0.032 mM (Bhattacharya & Gupta, 1981)
Environmental stress Mitigate cold stress in maize by mitochondrial respiratory pathway 10-4 mM (Erdal & Genisel, 2016)
Alleviate the oxidative damage by influence oxidative enzymes 10−3 mM (Erdal, & Dumlupinar, 2011)
Androstenedione (AN) Molecular: 286.41 Medical: 2.62-5 mg/ kg (Beckham, & Earnest, 2003; Judge et al., 2016; Ballantyne et al., 2000) (about 9.1 ~17.5*10-3 mM)
Environmental stress
Enhance frost resistance in wheat
10-3 mM (Janeczko et al., 2018)
Alleviate chilling stress in maize seedlings 10−9 mM (Erdal, 2012)
Alleviate the oxidative damage by changing multiple enzyme activities 10−9 mM (Erdal, 2012)
Alleviate drought stress by stimulating photosynthesis ≈8.7*10-4 mM (Janeczko, Kocurek, & Marcińska, 2012)
Physiology Interact with endogenous hormone like GA3 and CTK 10-3 mM (Janeczko et al., 2018)
Stimulate flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana 10-4 mM (Janeczko et al., 2003)
AN-induced changes in redox homeostasis 10-3 mM (Janeczko et al., 2018)
Oxytocin Molecular: 1007.19 Medical:0.2-0.4 IU/ kg (Tauber et al., 2017; Parker et al., 2017; Adnan et al., 2018) (about 3.3 ~6.7*10-7 mM)
Physiology
Effect on biomass accumulation and production of secondary plant constituent glycyrrhizin in vitro
≈10-4 mM (Karwasara , Dixit, & Tomar, 2011)
Insulin Molecular: 5807.69 Medical:0.8-40U/ kg (Garcia et al., 2010; Raskin et al., 2000; Pettitt, Ospina, Kolaczynski, Jovanovic, 2003, Kihara, Zollman Smithson, & Lagerlund, 1994) (about 0.05~2.4*10-4 mM)
Physiology
Influence on the increase of coleoptile
10−8 mM (Oliveira et al., 2004)
Regulate the cell-cycle restart 1.19*10-6 mM (Avila et al., 2013)
Induce polyploidism associated with Feulgen-positive bodies in the cytoplasm 10−5 mM (Csaba & Katalin, 1982)
Increase roots in lengths and weights 10−5 mM (Csaba & Katalin, 1982)