The value of \(p<0.05\) means the time series divided by this point (t) into two series have different distributions, which suggest there is a significant step change point. Here, hydrological behavior of the catchment is regarded as changed or shifted if the step change point is identified in either SC or C time series with \(p<0.05\).

Evaluation of model performance

The Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) (Nash & Sutcliffe, 1970) and water balance bias (BIAS) were used to evaluate model performance and were calculated as: