Background: Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is a rare chronic conjunctivitis characterized by a predominantly eosinophil-mediated inflammatory disorder that could develop critical complications such as blindness. Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of several allergic diseases. The role of oxidative stress has been hypothesized in VKC, but no study explored this issue.Furthermore, cyclosporine A (CsA) exerts an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant action on the conjunctiva. This study aims to assess oxidative stress in VKC patients and controls and to study the effect ofCsA on oxidative stress in these subjects. Methods:Thirty-six consecutive children, including 12 VKC(9 males, 75%; mean age 10,17; SD ± 2.48) patients without treatment,12 VKC treated with CsA(9 males, 75%; mean age 9,08; SD± 2.75) and 12 controls (CT) (7males,58%; mean age8,58; SD ±1,78) were recruited. A cross-sectional study was performed to compare H2O2 in the serum and the tears ofthese children. Results: Compared with CT and VKC children treated with CsA, VKCuntreated children had significantly higher values ofHydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in theserum and the tears.No significant differences were observed between CT and VKC treated with CsA. A significant correlation was found at the linear regression analysis between serum and tear H2O2 levels. Conclusion: This study provides the first report attesting that patients with VKC have high oxidative stress; furthermore, it suggests that CsA could have an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant action that could be useful to prevent the poor VKC outcome.