Figure 16. 7-Fr balloon-tipped catheter (7 F, single lumen;
Arrow Int, Reading, PA), reported by Diab et al.
(93).
(with permission fromwww.teleflex.com)
Bibliography
1.
Cochran ST, Wong WS, Roe DJ. Predicting angiography-induced acute renal
function impairment: clinical risk model. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1983
Nov;141(5):1027–33.
2.
Solomon R. Contrast-medium-induced acute renal failure. Kidney Int. 1998
Jan;53(1):230–42.
3. Morcos
SK, Thomsen HS, Webb JA. Contrast-media-induced nephrotoxicity: a
consensus report. Contrast Media Safety Committee, European Society of
Urogenital Radiology (ESUR). Eur Radiol. 1999;9(8):1602–13.
4. Berg
KJ. Nephrotoxicity related to contrast media. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 2000
Oct;34(5):317–22.
5.
Waybill MM, Waybill PN. Contrast media-induced nephrotoxicity:
identification of patients at risk and algorithms for prevention. J Vasc
Interv Radiol. 2001 Jan;12(1):3–9.
6. Rihal
CS, Textor SC, Grill DE, Berger PB, Ting HH, Best PJ, et al. Incidence
and prognostic importance of acute renal failure after percutaneous
coronary intervention. Circulation. 2002 May 14;105(19):2259–64.
7. Parfrey
PS, Griffiths SM, Barrett BJ, Paul MD, Genge M, Withers J, et al.
Contrast material-induced renal failure in patients with diabetes
mellitus, renal insufficiency, or both. A prospective controlled study.
N Engl J Med. 1989 Jan 19;320(3):143–9.
8. Schwab
SJ, Hlatky MA, Pieper KS, Davidson CJ, Morris KG, Skelton TN, et al.
Contrast nephrotoxicity: a randomized controlled trial of a nonionic and
an ionic radiographic contrast agent. N Engl J Med. 1989 Jan
19;320(3):149–53.
9. Rich
MW, Crecelius CA. Incidence, risk factors, and clinical course of acute
renal insufficiency after cardiac catheterization in patients 70 years
of age or older. A prospective study. Arch Intern Med. 1990
Jun;150(6):1237–42.
10.
Stevens MA, McCullough PA, Tobin KJ, Speck JP, Westveer DC, Guido-Allen
DA, et al. A prospective randomized trial of prevention measures in
patients at high risk for contrast nephropathy: results of the
P.R.I.N.C.E. Study. Prevention of Radiocontrast Induced Nephropathy
Clinical Evaluation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999 Feb;33(2):403–11.
11. Hou
SH, Bushinsky DA, Wish JB, Cohen JJ, Harrington JT. Hospital-acquired
renal insufficiency: a prospective study. Am J Med. 1983
Feb;74(2):243–8.
12.
Thomsen HS. Guidelines for contrast media from the European Society of
Urogenital Radiology. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2003 Dec;181(6):1463–71.
13. Shyu
KG, Cheng JJ, Kuan P. Acetylcysteine protects against acute renal damage
in patients with abnormal renal function undergoing a coronary
procedure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002 Oct 16;40(8):1383–8.
14.
Mueller C. Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy with volume
supplementation. Kidney Int Suppl. 2006 Apr;(100):S16-9.
15.
Briguori C, Manganelli F, Scarpato P, Elia PP, Golia B, Riviezzo G, et
al. Acetylcysteine and contrast agent-associated nephrotoxicity. J Am
Coll Cardiol. 2002 Jul 17;40(2):298–303.
16. Baker
CSR, Wragg A, Kumar S, De Palma R, Baker LRI, Knight CJ. A rapid
protocol for the prevention of contrast-induced renal dysfunction: the
RAPPID study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003 Jun 18;41(12):2114–8.
17.
McCullough PA, Wolyn R, Rocher LL, Levin RN, O’Neill WW. Acute renal
failure after coronary intervention: incidence, risk factors, and
relationship to mortality. Am J Med. 1997 Nov;103(5):368–75.
18.
Gruberg L, Mintz GS, Mehran R, Gangas G, Lansky AJ, Kent KM, et al. The
prognostic implications of further renal function deterioration within
48 h of interventional coronary procedures in patients with pre-existent
chronic renal insufficiency. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000 Nov
1;36(5):1542–8.
19. Maeder
M, Klein M, Fehr T, Rickli H. Contrast nephropathy: review focusing on
prevention. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004 Nov 2;44(9):1763–71.
20.
Thomsen HS. Current evidence on prevention and management of
contrast-induced nephropathy. Eur Radiol. 2007 Dec;17 Suppl 6:F33-7.
21.
Solomon R, Deray G, Consensus Panel for CIN. How to prevent
contrast-induced nephropathy and manage risk patients: practical
recommendations. Kidney Int Suppl. 2006 Apr;(100):S51-3.
22.
Stacul F, Adam A, Becker CR, Davidson C, Lameire N, McCullough PA, et
al. Strategies to reduce the risk of contrast-induced nephropathy. Am J
Cardiol. 2006 Sep 18;98(6A):59K-77K.
23.
McCullough PA, Choi JP, Feghali GA, Schussler JM, Stoler RM, Vallabahn
RC, et al. Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016
Sep 27;68(13):1465–73.
24.
Nanayakkara S, Kaye DM. Device Based Approaches to the Prevention of
Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury. Interv Cardiol Clin. 2020
Jul;9(3):395–401.
25. Brar
SS, Shen AY-J, Jorgensen MB, Kotlewski A, Aharonian VJ, Desai N, et al.
Sodium bicarbonate vs sodium chloride for the prevention of contrast
medium-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing coronary angiography:
a randomized trial. JAMA. 2008 Sep 3;300(9):1038–46.
26.
Maioli M, Toso A, Leoncini M, Gallopin M, Tedeschi D, Micheletti C, et
al. Sodium bicarbonate versus saline for the prevention of
contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with renal dysfunction
undergoing coronary angiography or intervention. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008
Aug 19;52(8):599–604.
27.
Mautone A, Brown JR. Contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing
elective and urgent procedures. J Interv Cardiol. 2010
Feb;23(1):78–85.
28.
Pucelikova T, Dangas G, Mehran R. Contrast-induced nephropathy. Catheter
Cardiovasc Interv. 2008 Jan 1;71(1):62–72.
29.
Fishbane S. N-acetylcysteine in the prevention of contrast-induced
nephropathy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008 Jan;3(1):281–7.
30.
Venkataraman R. Can we prevent acute kidney injury? Crit Care Med. 2008
Apr;36(4 Suppl):S166-71.
31. Zagler
A, Azadpour M, Mercado C, Hennekens CH. N-acetylcysteine and
contrast-induced nephropathy: a meta-analysis of 13 randomized trials.
Am Heart J. 2006 Jan;151(1):140–5.
32.
Davidson C, Stacul F, McCullough PA, Tumlin J, Adam A, Lameire N, et al.
Contrast medium use. Am J Cardiol. 2006 Sep 18;98(6A):42K-58K.
33.
Aspelin P, Aubry P, Fransson S-G, Strasser R, Willenbrock R, Berg KJ, et
al. Nephrotoxic effects in high-risk patients undergoing angiography. N
Engl J Med. 2003 Feb 6;348(6):491–9.
34.
Solomon R. The role of osmolality in the incidence of contrast-induced
nephropathy: a systematic review of angiographic contrast media in high
risk patients. Kidney Int. 2005 Nov;68(5):2256–63.
35. Jo
S-H, Youn T-J, Koo B-K, Park J-S, Kang H-J, Cho Y-S, et al. Renal
toxicity evaluation and comparison between visipaque (iodixanol) and
hexabrix (ioxaglate) in patients with renal insufficiency undergoing
coronary angiography: the RECOVER study: a randomized controlled trial.
J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006 Sep 5;48(5):924–30.
36.
McCullough PA, Bertrand ME, Brinker JA, Stacul F. A meta-analysis of the
renal safety of isosmolar iodixanol compared with low-osmolar contrast
media. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006 Aug 15;48(4):692–9.
37.
Barrett BJ, Katzberg RW, Thomsen HS, Chen N, Sahani D, Soulez G, et al.
Contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with chronic kidney disease
undergoing computed tomography: a double-blind comparison of iodixanol
and iopamidol. Invest Radiol. 2006 Nov;41(11):815–21.
38.
Solomon RJ, Natarajan MK, Doucet S, Sharma SK, Staniloae CS, Katholi RE,
et al. Cardiac Angiography in Renally Impaired Patients (CARE) study: a
randomized double-blind trial of contrast-induced nephropathy in
patients with chronic kidney disease. Circulation. 2007 Jun
26;115(25):3189–96.
39. Reed
M, Meier P, Tamhane UU, Welch KB, Moscucci M, Gurm HS. The relative
renal safety of iodixanol compared with low-osmolar contrast media: a
meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JACC Cardiovasc Interv.
2009 Jul;2(7):645–54.
40. From
AM, Al Badarin FJ, McDonald FS, Bartholmai BJ, Cha SS, Rihal CS.
Iodixanol versus low-osmolar contrast media for prevention of contrast
induced nephropathy: meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials.
Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2010 Aug;3(4):351–8.
41. Vogt
B, Ferrari P, Schönholzer C, Marti HP, Mohaupt M, Wiederkehr M, et al.
Prophylactic hemodialysis after radiocontrast media in patients with
renal insufficiency is potentially harmful. Am J Med. 2001 Dec
15;111(9):692–8.
42. Cruz
DN, Perazella MA, Bellomo R, Corradi V, de Cal M, Kuang D, et al.
Extracorporeal blood purification therapies for prevention of
radiocontrast-induced nephropathy: a systematic review. Am J Kidney Dis.
2006 Sep;48(3):361–71.
43.
Marenzi G, Marana I, Lauri G, Assanelli E, Grazi M, Campodonico J, et
al. The prevention of radiocontrast-agent-induced nephropathy by
hemofiltration. N Engl J Med. 2003 Oct 2;349(14):1333–40.
44.
Flaherty MP, Pant S, Patel SV, Kilgore T, Dassanayaka S, Loughran JH, et
al. Hemodynamic Support With a Microaxial Percutaneous Left Ventricular
Assist Device (Impella) Protects Against Acute Kidney Injury in Patients
Undergoing High-Risk Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Circ Res. 2017
Feb 17;120(4):692–700.
45.
Briguori C, Visconti G, Focaccio A, Airoldi F, Valgimigli M, Sangiorgi
GM, et al. Renal Insufficiency After Contrast Media Administration Trial
II (REMEDIAL II): RenalGuard System in high-risk patients for
contrast-induced acute kidney injury. Circulation. 2011 Sep
13;124(11):1260–9.
46.
Marenzi G, Ferrari C, Marana I, Assanelli E, De Metrio M, Teruzzi G, et
al. Prevention of contrast nephropathy by furosemide with matched
hydration: the MYTHOS (Induced Diuresis With Matched Hydration Compared
to Standard Hydration for Contrast Induced Nephropathy Prevention)
trial. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2012 Jan;5(1):90–7.
47. Stone
GW, Vora K, Schindler J, Diaz C, Mann T, Dangas G, et al. Systemic
hypothermia to prevent radiocontrast nephropathy (from the COOL-RCN
Randomized Trial). Am J Cardiol. 2011 Sep 1;108(5):741–6.
48. Er F,
Nia AM, Dopp H, Hellmich M, Dahlem KM, Caglayan E, et al. Ischemic
preconditioning for prevention of contrast medium-induced nephropathy:
randomized pilot RenPro Trial (Renal Protection Trial). Circulation.
2012 Jul 17;126(3):296–303.
49. Merten
GJ, Burgess WP, Gray LV, Holleman JH, Roush TS, Kowalchuk GJ, et al.
Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy with sodium bicarbonate: a
randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004 May 19;291(19):2328–34.
50.
Briguori C, Airoldi F, D’Andrea D, Bonizzoni E, Morici N, Focaccio A, et
al. Renal Insufficiency Following Contrast Media Administration Trial
(REMEDIAL): a randomized comparison of 3 preventive strategies.
Circulation. 2007 Mar 13;115(10):1211–7.
51.
Spargias K, Alexopoulos E, Kyrzopoulos S, Iokovis P, Greenwood DC,
Manginas A, et al. Ascorbic acid prevents contrast-mediated nephropathy
in patients with renal dysfunction undergoing coronary angiography or
intervention. Circulation. 2004 Nov 2;110(18):2837–42.
52.
Neumayer HH, Junge W, Küfner A, Wenning A. Prevention of
radiocontrast-media-induced nephrotoxicity by the calcium channel
blocker nitrendipine: a prospective randomised clinical trial. Nephrol
Dial Transplant. 1989;4(12):1030–6.
53. Stone
GW, McCullough PA, Tumlin JA, Lepor NE, Madyoon H, Murray P, et al.
Fenoldopam mesylate for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy:
a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003 Nov 5;290(17):2284–91.
54.
Briguori C, Colombo A, Airoldi F, Violante A, Castelli A, Balestrieri P,
et al. N-Acetylcysteine versus fenoldopam mesylate to prevent contrast
agent-associated nephrotoxicity. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004 Aug
18;44(4):762–5.
55.
Caixeta A, Dogan O, Weisz G. Contrast-induced nephropathy: protective
role of fenoldopam. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2012
Jun;39(6):497–505.
56.
Kapoor A, Sinha N, Sharma RK, Shrivastava S, Radhakrishnan S, Goel PK,
et al. Use of dopamine in prevention of contrast induced acute renal
failure–a randomised study. Int J Cardiol. 1996 Mar;53(3):233–6.
57. Kurnik
BR, Allgren RL, Genter FC, Solomon RJ, Bates ER, Weisberg LS.
Prospective study of atrial natriuretic peptide for the prevention of
radiocontrast-induced nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis. 1998
Apr;31(4):674–80.
58.
Morikawa S, Sone T, Tsuboi H, Mukawa H, Morishima I, Uesugi M, et al.
Renal protective effects and the prevention of contrast-induced
nephropathy by atrial natriuretic peptide. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009 Mar
24;53(12):1040–6.
59.
Bagshaw SM, Ghali WA. Theophylline for prevention of contrast-induced
nephropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med.
2005 May 23;165(10):1087–93.
60.
Attallah N, Yassine L, Musial J, Yee J, Fisher K. The potential role of
statins in contrast nephropathy. Clin Nephrol. 2004 Oct;62(4):273–8.
61. Jo
S-H, Koo B-K, Park J-S, Kang H-J, Cho Y-S, Kim Y-J, et al. Prevention of
radiocontrast medium-induced nephropathy using short-term high-dose
simvastatin in patients with renal insufficiency undergoing coronary
angiography (PROMISS) trial–a randomized controlled study. Am Heart
J. 2008 Mar;155(3):499.e1-8.
62. Toso
A, Maioli M, Leoncini M, Gallopin M, Tedeschi D, Micheletti C, et al.
Usefulness of atorvastatin (80 mg) in prevention of contrast-induced
nephropathy in patients with chronic renal disease. Am J Cardiol. 2010
Feb 1;105(3):288–92.
63.
Lindsay J, Apple S, Pinnow EE, Gevorkian N, Gruberg L, Satler LF, et al.
Percutaneous coronary intervention-associated nephropathy foreshadows
increased risk of late adverse events in patients with normal baseline
serum creatinine. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2003 Jul;59(3):338–43.
64. Mehran
R, Aymong ED, Nikolsky E, Lasic Z, Iakovou I, Fahy M, et al. A simple
risk score for prediction of contrast-induced nephropathy after
percutaneous coronary intervention: development and initial validation.
J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004 Oct 6;44(7):1393–9.
65.
Marenzi G, Assanelli E, Campodonico J, Lauri G, Marana I, De Metrio M,
et al. Contrast volume during primary percutaneous coronary intervention
and subsequent contrast-induced nephropathy and mortality. Ann Intern
Med. 2009 Feb 3;150(3):170–7.
66.
Cigarroa RG, Lange RA, Williams RH, Hillis LD. Dosing of contrast
material to prevent contrast nephropathy in patients with renal disease.
Am J Med. 1989 Jun;86(6 Pt 1):649–52.
67. Lee
S-R, Zhuo H, Zhang Y, Dahl N, Dardik A, Ochoa Chaar CI. Risk factors and
safe contrast volume thresholds for postcontrast acute kidney injury
after peripheral vascular interventions. J Vasc Surg. 2020
Aug;72(2):603-610.e1.
68.
Kooiman J, Seth M, Share D, Dixon S, Gurm HS. The association between
contrast dose and renal complications post PCI across the continuum of
procedural estimated risk. PLoS ONE. 2014 Mar 13;9(3):e90233.
69. Kane
GC, Doyle BJ, Lerman A, Barsness GW, Best PJ, Rihal CS. Ultra-low
contrast volumes reduce rates of contrast-induced nephropathy in
patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing coronary angiography. J
Am Coll Cardiol. 2008 Jan 1;51(1):89–90.
70.
Manske CL, Sprafka JM, Strony JT, Wang Y. Contrast nephropathy in
azotemic diabetic patients undergoing coronary angiography. Am J Med.
1990 Nov;89(5):615–20.
71.
Rozenbaum Z, Benchetrit S, Rozenbaum E, Neumark E, Mosseri M, Pereg D.
Ultra-Low Contrast Volume for Patients with Advanced Chronic Kidney
Disease Undergoing Coronary Procedures. Nephron. 2018 Jan
24;138(4):296–302.
72. Kelly
SC, Li S, Stys TP, Thompson PA, Stys AT. Reduction in Contrast
Nephropathy From Coronary Angiography and Percutaneous Coronary
Intervention With Ultra-Low Contrast Delivery Using an Automated
Contrast Injector System. J Invasive Cardiol. 2016 Nov;28(11):446–50.
73.
Azzalini L, Laricchia A, Regazzoli D, Mitomo S, Hachinohe D, Bellini B,
et al. Ultra-Low Contrast Percutaneous Coronary Intervention to Minimize
the Risk for Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Patients With
Severe Chronic Kidney Disease. J Invasive Cardiol. 2019
Jun;31(6):176–82.
74.
Mariani J, Guedes C, Soares P, Zalc S, Campos CM, Lopes AC, et al.
Intravascular ultrasound guidance to minimize the use of iodine contrast
in percutaneous coronary intervention: the MOZART (Minimizing cOntrast
utiliZation With IVUS Guidance in coRonary angioplasTy) randomized
controlled trial. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2014 Nov;7(11):1287–93.
75. Do C.
Intravenous Contrast: Friend or Foe? A Review on Contrast-Induced
Nephropathy. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2017 May;24(3):147–9.
76.
Mehran R, Faggioni M, Chandrasekhar J, Angiolillo DJ, Bertolet B, Jobe
RL, et al. Effect of a Contrast Modulation System on Contrast Media Use
and the Rate of Acute Kidney Injury After Coronary Angiography. JACC
Cardiovasc Interv. 2018 Aug 27;11(16):1601–10.
77. Gurm
HS, Mavromatis K, Bertolet B, Kereiakes DJ, Amin AP, Shah AP, et al.
Minimizing radiographic contrast administration during coronary
angiography using a novel contrast reduction system: A multicenter
observational study of the DyeVertTM plus
contrast reduction system. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2019 Jun
1;93(7):1228–35.
78. Gurm
HS, Smith D, Share D, Wohns D, Collins J, Madala M, et al. Impact of
automated contrast injector systems on contrast use and
contrast-associated complications in patients undergoing percutaneous
coronary interventions. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2013
Apr;6(4):399–405.
79.
Minsinger KD, Kassis HM, Block CA, Sidhu M, Brown JR. Meta-analysis of
the effect of automated contrast injection devices versus manual
injection and contrast volume on risk of contrast-induced nephropathy.
Am J Cardiol. 2014 Jan 1;113(1):49–53.
80. Stub
D, Duffy SJ, Kaye DM. Device-Based Therapy in the Prevention of
Contrast-Induced Nephropathy. Interv Cardiol Clin. 2014
Jul;3(3):421–8.
81.
Sirajuddin A, Chen MY, White CS, Arai AE. Coronary venous anatomy and
anomalies. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 2020;14(1):80–6.
82. Shah
SS, Teague SD, Lu JC, Dorfman AL, Kazerooni EA, Agarwal PP. Imaging of
the coronary sinus: normal anatomy and congenital abnormalities.
Radiographics. 2012 Aug;32(4):991–1008.
83.
Boonyasirinant T, Halliburton SS, Schoenhagen P, Lieber ML, Flamm SD.
Absence of coronary sinus tributaries in ischemic cardiomyopathy: An
insight from multidetector computed tomography cardiac venographic
study. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 2016 Apr;10(2):156–61.
84.
Younger JF, Plein S, Crean A, Ball SG, Greenwood JP. Visualization of
coronary venous anatomy by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J
Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2009 Aug 11;11:26.
85.
Saremi F, Muresian H, Sánchez-Quintana D. Coronary veins: comprehensive
CT-anatomic classification and review of variants and clinical
implications. Radiographics. 2012 Feb;32(1):E1-32.
86.
Movahed M-R, Wong J, Molloi S. Removal of iodine contrast from coronary
sinus in swine during coronary angiography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006 Jan
17;47(2):465–7.
87.
Michishita I, Fujii Z. A novel contrast removal system from the coronary
sinus using an adsorbing column during coronary angiography in a porcine
model. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006 May 2;47(9):1866–70.
88. Chang
H, Hassan AHM, Kim YL, Lloyd LJ, Koo B-K, Ako J, et al. A Novel
Technique for Endovascular Detection and Removal of Radiographic
Contrast during Angiography. J Invasive Cardiol. 2009
Jul;21(7):314–8.
89. Meyer
M, Dauerman HL, Bell SP, Lewinter MM, Lustgarten DL. Coronary venous
capture of contrast during angiography. J Interv Cardiol. 2006
Oct;19(5):401–4.
90.
Danenberg HD, Lotan C, Varshitski B, Rosenheck S, Weiss AT. Removal of
contrast medium from the coronary sinus during coronary angiography:
feasibility of a simple and available technique for the prevention of
nephropathy. Cardiovasc Revasc Med. 2008 Mar;9(1):9–13.
91. Duffy
SJ, Ruygrok P, Juergens CP, Sievert H, Richards M, Blake J, et al.
Removal of contrast media from the coronary sinus attenuates renal
injury after coronary angiography and intervention. J Am Coll Cardiol.
2010 Aug 3;56(6):525–6.
92.
Juergens CP, Winter JP, Nguyen-Do P, Lo S, French JK, Hallani H, et al.
Nephrotoxic effects of iodixanol and iopromide in patients with abnormal
renal function receiving N-acetylcysteine and hydration before coronary
angiography and intervention: a randomized trial. Intern Med J. 2009
Jan;39(1):25–31.
93. Diab
OA, Helmy M, Gomaa Y, El-Shalakany R. Efficacy and Safety of Coronary
Sinus Aspiration During Coronary Angiography to Attenuate the Risk of
Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Predisposed Patients. Circ
Cardiovasc Interv. 2017 Jan;10(1):e004348.
94.
Watson T, Burd JS, Ruygrok PN. Prevention of contrast induced
nephropathy during coronary angiography with a coronary sinus contrast
removal system sited from the femoral vein. Int J Cardiol. 2013 Apr
30;165(1):e9-10.
95.
Matsuhashi H, Hasebe N, Kawamura Y. The effect of intermittent coronary
sinus occlusion on coronary sinus pressure dynamics and coronary
arterial flow. Jpn Circ J. 1992 Mar;56(3):272–85.
96.
Pantely GA, Bristow JD, Ladley HD, Anselone CG. Effect of coronary sinus
occlusion on coronary flow, resistance, and zero flow pressure during
maximum vasodilatation in swine. Cardiovasc Res. 1988
Feb;22(2):79–86.
97.
Langenberg CJM, Pietersen HG, Geskes G, Wagenmakers AJM, Soeters PB,
Durieux M. Coronary sinus catheter placement: assessment of placement
criteria and cardiac complications. Chest. 2003 Oct;124(4):1259–65.
98.
Sethna DH, Moffitt EA. An appreciation of the coronary circulation.
Anesth Analg. 1986 Mar;65(3):294–305.
99.
Specchia G, De Servi S, Poma E, Ghio S, Ferrario M, Angoli L, et al.
Clinical application of monitoring techniques: coronary sinus blood flow
monitoring. Can J Cardiol. 1986 Jul;Suppl A:170A-172A.
100.
Zheng Z, Wu B, Chen Q, Luo Y, Tang X, Wang J, et al. The feasibility and
safety of a simple method for coronary sinus blood sampling during
catheter ablation of arrhythmias. Ann Transl Med. 2022 Feb;10(4):170.