Mechanistic Insight into Ligand-promoted Palladium-Catalyzed C-H
Alkenylation of Simple Arenes with Internal Alkynes : A Computational
Study
Abstract
The ligand-promoted palladium-catalyzed hydroarylation of alkynes with
arenes without directing group is able to furnish alkenyl chlorides via
a 1,4-chlorine migration or trisubstituted alkenes. This reaction is
challenging due to bidentate N, N ligand and electron-neutral arenes
have rarely been reported to afford good yields. We carried out density
functional theory calculations to better understand the elementary steps
of the reaction and unveil the ligand effects and origin of
substituent-controlled chemoselectivity of challenging C-H activation.
For the n-propyl-substituted substrate, CMD process is the
rate-determining step of the catalytic reaction. And the
chemoselectivity is controlled by oxidative addition with the C-Cl bond
cleavage and protonation process. However, for the reaction with
3,5-dimethylphenyl-substituented substrate, the key step of the whole
catalytic cycle is the protonation process. The stronger electrostatic
attractions, repulsive force and aryl substituent effects result in
reverse chemoselectivity. Bidentate ligand L1 (2-OH-1,10-phenanthroline)
reacts with Pd(OAc)2 to form a most stable square-planer species, which
is different from the one formed by ligand L2(1,10-phenanthroline). The
steric repulsion are found to be mainly responsible for no product with
L2 as the ligand, which is different from as proviously reported.