Figure S3. Estimated covariances between lifespan and reproductive rate from 1000 simulations with A) the positive covariance between annual reproduction and survival found in the study (see Results), B) with no covariance, and C) with a negative covariance with the same magnitude as the one found in our study of a house sparrow metapopulation. The red line shows the observed mean covariance between lifespan and reproductive rate in our population.