Intraspecific genetic divergence and biogeography
The species delimitation using the GMYC single threshold model defined 25 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) or putative species (Table 4), of which 18 corresponded to recognised Linnean species or (1) subspecies (Fig. 5). The rest correspond to Iberian haplotype clusters classified as independent OTUs mostly within those species with a maximum intra-specific genetic divergence over 2% (Table 1), namelyCatocala nymphagoga , Colotois pennaria, Tortricodes alternella and Watsonalla uncinula . In addition, withinDryobotodes eremita, Dryobotodes monochroma, Ennomos quercaria, Nycteola columbana and Peribatodes ilicaria there were well-defined Iberian monophyletic clades (although not delimited at separate OTUs in the GMYC analysis). This Iberian distinctiveness with respect to the rest of Europe was higher than in the case of Italy. There were fewer Italian OTUs/monophyletic clades and more haplotypes were shared between Italy and the countries north of the Alps than between Iberia and the rest of the continent (Fig. 5). Haplotype sharing is also frequent between populations located in the central and northern European countries (Fig. 5).
The number of putative species delimited by the multiple threshold GMYC largely exceeded that of the single threshold model (Table 4). All the putative species delimited by the latter were also different OTUs according to the former. However, according to the multiple thresholds GMYC, more Iberian monophyletic clades were classified as different putative species (Fig. S2). Both ABGD and jMOTU produced very similar result to the GMYC single threshold approach, both in terms of the number and identity of the OTUs retrieved (Table 4). jMOTU delimited the exact same 25 OTUs as single threshold GMYC at a cut-off value of 7 bp (equivalent to 1.1% genetic divergence) (Table 4; Figure S1). ABGD delimited 23 of the same 25 OTUs at a recommended prior value on maximum intraspecific divergence of 0.01, the sole difference being no subdivision of Tortricodes alternella and Watsonalla uncinula (Table 4; Table S3).