Figure 5. Increase in regional diversity (gamma; A), maximum patch diversity (alpha; B), and species heterogeneity (beta; C) with cumulative landscape area and relative contribution of alpha and beta diversity to gamma diversity (D). The contribution of beta diversity in D was measured using the multiplicative (black) and additive (blue) partitioning of gamma diversity. In the additive partitioning, average alpha diversity was subtracted from gamma diversity. Alpha and beta diversities were then divided by gamma diversity to obtain a proportion (green and blue lines sum up to 1). In D, most species in a region come from differences in species identity among forest patches (blue), rather than from the higher average number of species in individual patches (green). Straight blue lines represent the habitat amount threshold that maximizes the contribution of beta-diversity in a region. After this threshold is reached, regional diversity increases almost exclusively by the addition of larger fragments with high local diversity (low gain obtained by preserving additional small fragments (increase in B and stable in C). Solid dots represent patches where cattle was present.