This Authorea document template can be used to prepare documents according to a desired citation style and authoring guidelines. Abstracts are not always required, but most academic papers have one and writers should know how to produce a useful abstract. An abstract should be a very short, clear and concise summation of the entire paper. An abstract should provide enough of a preview that a typical reader will know whether or not they wish to read the paper. It should reveal both the purpose and conclusions of the paper.

AbstractNo more than approx. 500 words (or 3,000 characters).Headings in structured abstracts should be bold and followed by a period. Each heading should begin a new paragraph. For example:Background. The background section text goes here. Next line for new section.Methods. The methods section text goes here.Results. The results section text goes here.Discussion. The discussion section text goes here.

Main TextTitle PageTitle. Write a brief, informative title. Abbreviations should not be used in titles. It is important for literature retrieval to include in the title the key words that identify the nature of the subject matter, including, if applicable, the species on which the work is done.Authors and affiliations. Authors are urged to include their full names, complete with first and middle names or initials. Academic degrees should not be included. The names and locations of institutions or companies should be given for all authors. Departments, units, or laboratories should also be specified. If several institutions are listed on a manuscript, it should be clearly indicated with which department and institution each author is affiliated by using corresponding superscript numbers.Running title. A brief running title of no more than 60 characters should be provided. Choose the running title carefully, as it will be used in electronic alerting services and some mobile device applications. Abbreviations may be used in the running title.Keywords. Provide 5 keywords identifying the subject of the manuscript.Additional information. Include the following notes on the title page (if applicable) in this order:Financial support, including the source and number of grants, for each authorFull name, mailing address, phone and fax numbers, and email address of the corresponding authorA conflict of interest disclosure statement; additional information is available at this link: Conflict of Interest PolicyOther notes about the manuscript as a whole, including the word count, and the total number of figures and tables Please note that, if you substantially exceed the word limit given for the type of article (see specific instructions for each journal), your manuscript may be returned.For Clinical Cancer Research only, on a page between the title page and abstract you must provide a 150-word statement of translational relevance describing how the results might be applied to the future practice of cancer medicine.AbstractThe abstract must be concise, yet should accurately outline the content of the manuscript (see the Categories of Articles page of each journal for abstract length requirements for each type of article). Because these abstracts are used by secondary services (e.g., MEDLINE, Chemical Abstracts, Web of Science, Scopus), they should recapitulate in abbreviated form the purpose of the study and the experimental technique, results, and data interpretations. Data such as the number of test subjects and controls, strains of animals or viruses, drug dosages and routes of administration, tumor yields and latent periods, length of observation period, and magnitude of activity should be included. Vague, general statements such as "The significance of the results is discussed" or "Some physical properties were studied" should be avoided. Important terms relevant to the content of the manuscript should be incorporated into the abstract to assist indexers and searchers. Abbreviations should be kept to an absolute minimum; however, if they are needed, they must be explained at first mention within the abstract so that it can be understood as an independent unit from the remainder of the manuscript. Do not cite references in the abstract.IntroductionThe introduction should provide a brief overview of the background and rationale for the study. It is not necessary to cite all of the background literature in the introduction. Brief reference to the most pertinent articles generally suffices to acquaint the reader with the findings of others in the field and with the problem or question that the investigation addresses.Materials and MethodsExplanation of the experimental methods should be adequate for repetition by qualified investigators. Procedures that have been described in previous publications should not be described in detail but merely cited with appropriate references along with any modifications of the procedure. Only new and substantial modifications of previously published procedures need complete exposition. The sources of special chemicals or preparations used should be provided. Any commercial products that are mentioned should include the name of the manufacturer and catalog numbers.ResultsInclude a concise summary of the data presented in all display items (figures and tables). Excessive elaboration of data shown in display items should be avoided.DiscussionThe data should be interpreted concisely without repeating material already presented in the Results section. Speculation is permissible, but it must be well founded, and discussion of the wider implications of the findings is encouraged.AcknowledgmentsInclude the names of others contributing to the work who are not identified as authors.ReferencesNumber the references in the order of their first mention in the text; cite only the number assigned to the reference. The reference list should be limited to only those citations essential to the presentation. Before submission of the manuscript, authors should verify the accuracy of all references and check that all references have been cited in the text. The AACR journals' reference style follows that of the Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals. For manuscripts with more than 6 authors, the names of the first 6 authors must be listed, followed by "et al." For manuscripts with 6 or fewer authors, all authors should be listed.Reference examples:Journal articleWarrell RP Jr, Frankel SR, Miller WH Jr, Scheinberg DA, Itri LM, Hittelman WN, et al.Differentiation therapy of acute promyelocytic 584 leukemia with tretinoin (all-trans-retinoic acid). N Engl J Med1991;324:1385–93. Book chapter Yuspa SH, Hennings H, Roop D, Strickland J, Greenhalgh DA. Genes and mechanisms involved in malignant conversion. In: Harris CC, Liotta LA, editors. Genetic mechanisms in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. New York: Wiley-Liss; 1990. p.115–26. Article in pressArticles in press may be listed among the references. The author must provide a DOI to the editor to verify that the article is in press at the indicated journal. Display ItemsTablesA summary of the data should be provided in the text with a callout to the table. Tabular data should not duplicate data already presented in detail in the text. Unnecessary columns of data that can easily be derived from other data in the table should not be included. Large groups of individual values should be avoided; instead, these should be averaged and an appropriate designation of the dispersion, such as standard deviation or standard error, should be included. Authors are obligated to indicate the significance of their observations by appropriate statistical analysis.Every table must have a descriptive title and enough explanatory information so the reader can understand the data without reference to the text. Table titles should be short and to the point and should generally not include references. Each column must carry an appropriate heading and, if measurements are given, the units should be given with the column heading. Number tables using Arabic numerals; table footnotes should be indicated with lower-case alphabetical letters: a, b, c, etc. Include a note after the footnotes in which all abbreviations used in the table that have not been used in the text are explained. Complex or large tables should be uploaded in a tabular data file format as supplementary data.Tables should not be included as part of a figure. Authors are discouraged from submitting tables that have been previously published, even with permission.FiguresFigures should be used when salient points need illustration for better comprehension by the reader. Figures must be submitted in their final design and color format. All figures that the author intends to have printed in black and white should be supplied in this format so that editors and reviewers can properly evaluate the presentation of the data. For initial submission only, figures may be supplied in pdf, jpg or Word document format and should be on the same page as the legend, either at the end of the manuscript file or embedded in the text near the figure callout. See File Typesfor details on the allowable file types for revised manuscripts. Figures may only be supplied in pdf or Word document format for initial submission.Figure legends should briefly describe each figure and the data shown. Figure legends must include the number of technical and biological replicates performed for the experiment(s) depicted. Legends should not repeat details present in the main text and should generally not include references. Stains and original magnifications should be listed where applicable. Define all symbols and adequately identify all parts of the figure necessary for interpretation. Abbreviations explained in the main text of the manuscript need not be redefined in the figure legend.Figures must be cited and numbered in the order in which they appear in the text. For revised submissions, all figure legends should be listed together in one section (Figure Legends) directly preceding the appearance of the figures in the manuscript. Ensure that both legends and figures are numbered and match up appropriately.When graphs are reduced to the size of a single column (7.94 cm / 3.125 in), the text in the graph must be no smaller than 6 pt and no larger than 12 pt, and all symbols must be discernible. In the published form, the minimum thickness of lines (rules) used to present drawn art is 0.5 point. If a drawn image will be reduced in size for publication, the lines used to draw the original art must be thick enough to be reduced and still meet the minimum requirement. Lines thinner than 0.5 point thickness may be completely lost if an image is reduced in size.Best practices for choice of graph typeReserve bar charts for presentation of data such as counts and lengths.Use a line graph to display and connect related data points and a bar graph for unrelated data points.Sample data is best displayed by plotting individual data points when sample numbers are small. Use a box plot, violin plot, or bean plot for larger sample sizes and to show data distributions. SeeStatistics for guidelines on sample sizes. A free tool for plotting sample data and generating an EPS file for incorporation into figures is available at http://boxplot.bio.ed.ac.uk.A pie chart is effective for showing data trends, but, if it is important to provide quantitative comparisons, a bar graph may be preferable.Best practices for graph designAvoid the use of patterned fills. These add visual clutter and impede interpretation. Use black, up to four shades of gray, and white to provide six alternative encodings; or use color if more encodings are required.Always use distinct colors and avoid the use of red and green for contrast.Avoid background shading.Display only the left and bottom axes unless a top and/or right axis is absolutely necessary.Axes labels should not extend beyond the axes lines and must include the name and units of the parameter measured.Consider whether related data plotted in multiple graphs can and should be shown in a single graph.Remove unnecessary tick marks and grid lines. Use grid lines only when necessary and make sure they have substantially less visual prominence than the data and axes lines.Avoid axes breaks. These can mask important differences in the data.Open symbols, particularly circles, are most appropriate for plotting high-density data points that overlap.Best practices for imagesWhen images are related to one another or should be compared, group them together with narrow bands of white space between them. If the image background is close to white, use lines for separation.Symbols, arrows, letters, and scale bars overlying the image should strongly contrast with the background so as to be clearly visible and are best provided on a separate layer from the underlying image in a layered image file.Single channel fluorescence images are best displayed in grayscale so that intensity differences can be discerned more accurately. Avoid the use of red, which is particularly problematic in this regard.Figures should be original. Authors are discouraged from submitting figures that have been previously published, even with permission. If use of a previously published figure is necessary, the author must apply for written permission from the copyright holder and supply confirmation of the permission grant before publication. Supplementary DataSupplementary data is intended to provide additional substantive information that is directly relevant to the article content but not essential for understanding the conclusions. The article must stand on its own merits and be complete and self-explanatory without the supplementary data. Additional text, such as supplementary results or discussion, is not acceptable and should be included in the main article. Supplementary data should be equal in quality and presentation to material within the main article. The supplementary data are subject to the same scientific standards of peer review and are included at the discretion of the editor. Each supplementary item/file must be referenced at least once in the main article text at an appropriate point. Supplementary items should be referred to in a similar manner to that used for a table or figure in the body of the manuscript, for example, "(Supplementary Fig. S1)" or "(Table 3 and Supplementary Table S3)." Each supplementary file should be accompanied by a brief description. The description will be posted online to communicate the contents of the file and to aid in online indexing. Supplementary figures must include full legends and tables should include captions.General Guidelines on AcceptabilitySupplementary data should fall within the conceptual scope of the main manuscript but not extend beyond it. Preliminary data that simply extend the scope of the study and unnecessary control data should not be included.Supplementary material should not repeat information that is already included in the main manuscript.Data that have been previously published are not acceptable.Supplementary data may also be that which cannot be included in the main version of the manuscript due to space constraints (e.g., limits placed on the number of figures and tables allowed in an article) or format restrictions.Within the above guidelines, supplementary files may include the following:Figures and tablesMore detailed materials and methods than can be included in the body of the article, but the main text should contain sufficient methodology for an experienced investigator to replicate the experimentsElectronic multimedia files (e.g., video, audio, or animation)Database informationThree-dimensional structures/images, sequence alignments, and data sets that are very largeRestrictions on number and size of filesThe number of supplementary files per article may not exceed 8. In special circumstances, an exception may be granted but the author must contact the editorial office prior to acceptance.No individual supplementary data file may exceed 50 MB. File TypesThe following file types are acceptable file formats for the main manuscript files:Manuscript files: Word (doc, docx), Encapsulated Postscript (eps), Rich Text Format (rtf), or pdf (accepted for initial submissions only)Graphics files: eps, tiff, ai, psd, png, gif or ps. Powerpoint (ppt, pptx) files are discouraged but may be acceptable. Color images should be supplied in RGB.For supplementary data the following file types are acceptable: pdf, doc, docx, eps, rtf, txt, csv, xls, xlsx, xlsb, xml, avi, mov, mp4, wav, aiff, mp3 and zip. Other file types may be acceptable but please contact the journal editorial office. Terminology and AbbreviationsGeneric names of drugs are preferred. In order to identify new compounds that may not be recognized by their generic name, the brand name may be included at first mention only. If a non-U.S. proprietary name is used, the name of the comparable U.S. product should be given. When there is no generic name for a drug, authors should give the chemical name or formula or a description of the active ingredients. Authors should refer to the formally adopted generic names listed in the current edition of USAN and the USP Dictionary of Drug Names.Abbreviations are in general a hindrance to readers in fields other than that of the author(s), to abstractors, and to scientists whose primary language is not English. Authors should limit their use. See our brief list of Standard Abbreviations that may be used without explanation (e.g., DNA). All abbreviations not on this list must be spelled out at first mention in both the abstract and the text. Single words (e.g., melanoma, folate, vincristine) should not be abbreviated, nor should abbreviations be used for individual types of cancer or other diseases that consist of two words (e.g., prostate cancer or breast cancer).

AbstractNo more than approx. 500 words (or 3,000 characters).Headings in structured abstracts should be bold and followed by a period. Each heading should begin a new paragraph. For example:Background. The background section text goes here. Next line for new section.Methods. The methods section text goes here.Results. The results section text goes here.Discussion. The discussion section text goes here.

A document by Josh Nicholson. Click on the document to view its contents.

General Research Article Organization and Text SpecificationsCurrent Biology research articles generally contain the following sections in this order: Title, Authors, Affiliations, Contact Information, Additional Title Page Footnotes, Summary, Introduction (for Articles only), Results, Discussion, Experimental Procedures, Author Contributions, Acknowledgments, References, Figure and Table Legends, Figures and Tables, Graphical Abstract (optional, see below), and Supplemental Information. The text (title through legends) should be provided as one document, which may also contain the tables. Figures should be provided separately. Supplemental Information should also be provided separately.Gene symbols should be italicized; protein products of the loci are not italicized. Nonstandard abbreviations should be defined when first used in the text. Use of abbreviations should be kept at a minimum. Manuscript file types that we can accept for submission include Word, RTF, and TXT. Required items differ for each article type and are specified during the submission process.Please note that the text should be double spaced and pages should be numbered. Although summaries need to be entered as text files separate from the body of the manuscript during the online submission process, they should also be included within the manuscript file as usual.Manuscripts that do not conform to the format guidelines may be returned to the authors for reformatting.Preparation of Specific SectionsTitleTitles can occupy no more than three lines of type. Each line can contain no more than 50 characters, including spaces. The title should convey the conceptual significance of the paper to a broad readership.Authors/AffiliationsAuthor names should be spelled out rather than set in initials. Authors should be footnoted to corresponding affiliations. Affiliations should contain the following core information: department(s)/subunit(s); institution; city, state/region, postal code; country. Note: Please check author names and affiliations carefully, as we cannot amend or correct these sections after publication.Corresponding AuthorThe "Correspondence" line should include the e-mail address(es) of the corresponding author(s). One corresponding author is preferred for reasons stated in the Authorship section of Editorial Policies above. But there is no mandatory limit on the number of corresponding authors that may be listed. Corresponding authors may also provide a Twitter handle as a secondary means of contact. Please see the corresponding author responsibilities noted above in the Editorial Policies.Lead ContactEvery author list must identify one corresponding author as a Lead Contact, noted by a footnote in the manuscript. If there is only one corresponding author, that author will be listed as the Lead Contact. Please see the Lead Contact responsibilities noted above in the Authorship section of the Editorial Policies.Additional FootnotesFootnotes are only allowed on page 1 of the text (and in tables). They may include a Lead Contact (mandatory) or a present address (optional), or they may indicate co-first authorship (optional). For more on designations of author contributions, please see the "Authorship" section above, under Editorial Policies.Summary (for Articles)The Summary should not exceed 250 words, should contain no references, and should be written as a single paragraph that summarizes the background to the study, the key results, and the conclusions. It should clearly convey the conceptual advance and significance of the work to a broad readership.Summary (for Reports)The Summary should be written as a single paragraph that summarizes, in no more than 250 words, the background to the work, the new results being reported in the study, and the significance of these findings; references should also be cited in this paragraph. Please note that, for Reports, all essential background information should be included in the summary, and the Results (or Results and Discussion) section should begin immediately with a presentation of the new findings.KeywordsAuthors are encouraged to include up to ten keywords that will be associated with the article on Cell Press platforms and on PubMed. These keywords should be listed in the manuscript after the Summary, separated by commas.Highlights and eTOC BlurbHighlights are a short collection of bullet points that convey the core findings of the article. Specifications: up to four bullet points may be included; the length of an individual bullet point should not exceed 85 characters (including spaces); only the core results of the paper should be covered.The eTOC blurb is a short summary of the main take-home message of the paper and should describe the context and significance of the findings for the broader readership. Please see the "In Brief" links in the Table of Contents for examples. Specifications: This blurb should be 350 characters or fewer; this blurb should be written in the third person and refer to “First Author et al.”Both are required for all research papers and will be displayed online with the article; however, they will not appear in print. On the EM page where you are asked to upload your files, please choose "Highlights and eTOC Blurb" and upload a single Word document containing both your Highlights and the eTOC Blurb.Introduction (for Articles)The Introduction must be written from the standpoint of biologists without special knowledge, must clearly state the background to the research and its aims, and should end with a brief statement of what has been achieved.Results (for Articles)This section should be divided into subsections with short informative subheadings. Footnotes should not be used.Discussion (for Articles)The Discussion must clearly explain the main conclusions of the research and give clear explanations of their importance and relevance, placing them into a broader context. It should not be redundant with the Results section. This section may contain subheadings and can in some cases be combined with the Results section. A separate short Conclusions section may also be included if useful.Results and Discussion (for Reports)The Results and Discussion for Reports may be combined or kept separate and may be broken into subsections with short informative subheadings. The final paragraph should summarize the main findings of the research and their implications. Footnotes should not be used.Experimental Procedures (for Articles)The Experimental Procedures should, at minimum, include enough detail to allow the reader to understand the general experimental design and to be able to assess the data presented in the figures. This section should also include a description of any statistical methods employed in the study. More detailed protocols and procedures needed for readers to reproduce experiments should be included in the Supplemental Experimental Procedures, but it is not appropriate to move the majority of the Experimental Procedures to Supplemental Information in order to shorten the text. Any supplemental tables that list materials used in the study (oligonucleotides, strains, etc.) should be included within the relevant section of the Supplemental Experimental Procedures; these tables should have a title but should not be numbered. If your paper contains Supplemental Experimental Procedures, please make sure that they are referred to within the main Experimental Procedures so that it is clear to the reader that additional details are available online. Please see our complete Supplemental Information guidelines for more information.Experimental Procedures (for Reports)Experimental Procedures should be divided into subsections. A separate section may not be necessary in a Report if methods can be described concisely and adequately in the text and figure/table legends, but more detailed protocols and procedures needed for readers to reproduce experiments should be included in the Supplemental Experimental Procedures.Author ContributionsFor primary research papers, we ask you to include a dedicated Author Contributions section preceding the Acknowledgments to give information about individual author contributions to the work. Please keep this section as concise as possible and use initials to indicate author identity. All of the authors listed on the paper should be mentioned in this section at least once. We are happy for you to use a traditional format such as “A.B. and C.D. conducted the experiments, E.F. designed the experiments and wrote the paper…” but would also encourage you to use the CRediT taxonomy instead.AcknowledgmentsThis section may acknowledge contributions from non-authors and/or list funding sources, and it should include a statement of any conflicts of interest. Please check this section carefully, as we cannot allow amendments or corrections after publication.ReferencesReferences must be cited by number consecutively in square brackets in the text. Any references that occur only in the tables or figure legends should be numbered according to where that table or figure is first cited in the main text, in relation to the sequence of citation numbering. (For example, if the last reference cited before the first citation of Figure 1 was reference [15], and the Figure 1 legend contains a reference that is first cited in the Figure 1 legend, that reference should be numbered as [16], and the next reference cited in the main text would be [17].) References should include only articles that are published or in press. For references to in press articles, please confirm with the cited journal that the article is in fact accepted and in press and include a DOI number and online publication date. Unpublished data, submitted manuscripts, abstracts, and personal communications should be cited within the text only. Personal communication should be documented by a letter of permission. Submitted articles should be cited as unpublished data, data not shown, or personal communication. Journal abbreviations should follow Index Medicus/Medline. Up to ten authors, followed by et al. if there are more than ten authors, should be listed. References should be in Current Biology numbered style, examples of which are included below:Article in a periodical:1. Holmes, S., and Watson, J. (1993). Identification of the function of the moriarty gene product. Curr. Biol. 3, 121–129.Article in a book:2. Holmes, S., and Watson, J. (1991). Identification of the function of the moriarty gene product. In Biological Mysteries Solved, A.C. Doyle, ed. (London: Science Press), pp. 56–62.An entire book:3. Doyle, A.C. (1991). Biological Mysteries Solved, Second Edition (London: Science Press).Figure LegendsLegends should be included in the submitted manuscript as a separate section. Each figure legend should have a brief title that describes the entire figure without citing specific panels, followed by a description of each panel. For any figures presenting pooled data, the measures should be defined in the figure legends (for example, "Data are represented as mean ± SEM."). Each legend should refer to any supporting items in the Supplemental Information (e.g., "See also Figure S1.").TablesWhen creating a table, please use the Microsoft Word Table function. Tables should include a title, and footnotes and/or legend should be concise. Include tables in the submitted manuscript as a separate section. Tables not created with the Microsoft Word table function will need to be revised by the author.When creating tables, please adhere to the following guidelines:Do not submit tables in Excel or PDF format. Do not place an Excel table in a Word document. Format tables with Word's Table function; do not use tabs or spaces to create a table. Do not use line breaks or spaces to separate data within a cell. Use separate cells for all discrete data elements within a table. Number tables as Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, etc., rather than as Table 1a, Table 1b, Table 1c, etc. If bold or italic font is used within a table to indicate some feature of the data, please give an explanation of its usage in the legend. All abbreviations within a table must be defined in the table legend or footnotes. Footnotes should be listed with superscript lowercase letters, beginning with “a.” Footnotes may not be listed with numbers or symbols. Supplemental InformationIn general, Supplemental Information is limited to data and other materials that directly support the main conclusions of a paper but cannot be included in the main paper for reasons such as space or file format restrictions. Supplemental Information should not be used to present data that are preliminary or that conceptually go beyond the main point of the paper.Before submitting your supplemental materials, please refer to our complete instructions in the Supplemental Information guidelines. This page also contains information on submitting movie and other multimedia files.Figures and Graphical AbstractsDigital figure files submitted through Editorial Manager must conform to our digital figure guidelines or authors will be asked to revise them.If you have any questions about digital files, please contact Jackie Doyle, Managing Editor of Current Biology, [email protected]. Graphical AbstractA graphical abstract should allow readers to quickly gain an understanding of the main take-home message of the paper and is intended to encourage browsing, promote interdisciplinary scholarship, and help readers identify more quickly which papers are most relevant to their research interests. Examples of this feature can be seen in the online version of articles published in Cell from January 2010 onwards. Graphical abstracts may be submitted at any stage up to acceptance for publication (it is not necessary to provide a graphical abstract for a new submission). Graphical abstracts can be uploaded in Editorial Manager by selecting "Graphical Abstract" when uploading files. Refer to our digital figure guidelines for graphical abstract preparation details.

AbstractA single paragraph of about 200 words maximum. For research articles, abstracts should give a pertinent overview of the work. We strongly encourage authors to use the following style of structured abstracts, but without headings: 1) Background: Place the question addressed in a broad context and highlight the purpose of the study; 2) Methods: Describe briefly the main methods or treatments applied; 3) Results: Summarize the article’s main findings; and 4) Conclusion: Indicate the main conclusions or interpretations. The abstract should be an objective representation of the article, it must not contain results which are not presented and substantiated in the main text and should not exaggerate the main conclusions.

Title of Submission to PLOS Journals Name1 Surname1,2\Yinyang, Name2 Surname2\Yinyang, Name3 Surname2,3¤, Name4 Surname2, Name5 Surname2‡, Name6 Surname2‡, Name7 Surname1,2,3*, with the Lorem Ipsum Consortium¶ 1 Affiliation Dept/Program/Center, Institution Name, City, State, Country 2 Affiliation Dept/Program/Center, Institution Name, City, State, Country 3 Affiliation Dept/Program/Center, Institution Name, City, State, Country \Yinyang These authors contributed equally to this work. ‡These authors also contributed equally to this work. ¤Current Address: Dept/Program/Center, Institution Name, City, State, Country †Deceased ¶Membership list can be found in the Acknowledgments section. * [email protected]

Title: Describe the topic simply and engagingly. State the main point of the paper in the title, using good keywords. The title should not exceed 17 words.Subtitle: In no more than 20 words, describe the main insight that is presented in the manuscript.For further reading on how to optimise your title (with some examples), please click here.Summary (Abstract)The limit for the abstract is 150 words, and no citations are allowed. Some of our rubrics do not have summaries (abstracts). Please chek out our rubric guide first. Place your most important and new concepts or insights first in the summary, not in the middle. Do not begin with an old and well-known fact (e.g. "The sequencing of the human genome has produced huge quantities of data..."). End the summary with a forward-looking perspective, if possible.Important: The article summary is the only piece (apart from the title) that potential reviewers read before accepting or declining the invitation to review! The summary should be extremely well written and structured, clearly presenting the main new insight of the manuscript early, and in an appealing way.For more information on writing good abstracts, please click here.IntroductionThe Introduction should not exceed 1000 words. Some of our rubrics do not have a section headed "Introduction". Please chek out our rubric guide first. Give a concise introduction suitable for a broad audience and not an exhaustive list of highly field-specific information and abbreviations. Those should instead be extracted and condensed into one or more tables or information boxes (see below).ConclusionsPlease do not use more than 300 words for your conclusions. Some of our rubrics do not have a section headed "Conclusions". Please chek out our rubric guide first. Condense the main points of the article, and present implications, consequences for new understanding and future perspectives. Head this section "Conclusions" or "Conclusions and prospects".Tables and information boxesSpecialized parts of the text can be condensed into information boxes. However, these boxes should not exceed 1 page each. Highly structured information (e.g. gene names and regulators, proteins and ligands, etc.) can be summarised in tabular format. Boxes/tables should be referenced from the text where appropriate. If vital for immediate understanding of the article, an information box/table can be placed immediately after the introduction. Please bear in mind the limit of 6 figures/tables/boxes per article and reserve enough of these for the things you really want readers to understand. (Exceptions: only 2 figures/tables/boxes are allowed for the following rubrics: Ex laboratorio, Ideas & Speculations, Commentary and Book reviews.) For more information, please click here.Figures and photographsAppropriate use of figures/illustrations and photos to explain complicated concepts or the object of discussion is welcome. A total of 6 is permitted. (Exceptions: only 2 figures/tables/boxes are allowed for the following rubrics: Ex laboratorio, Ideas & Speculations, Commentary and Book reviews.) To ensure good print quality, your figures should be submitted preferably in PPT (Power Point) or TIFformat with a resolution of 800 dpi, or as close to this resolution as possible. In the case of diagrams with lettering (e.g. figures created in Adobe Illustrator) PPT, DOC (Word file) or EPS format should be submitted. Colour figures must be submitted in RGB colourspace. Please do not submit as CMYK. Unacceptable figure formats are: PDF, GIF, PSD, CRD, PCT, XLS, BMP, 123 (or other Lotus formats). Lines and lettering must be large and dense enough to remain legible after the figure is reduced. Text in figures must not be smaller than 6-point Helvetica. Avoid strongly coloured/dark backgrounds. Figure parts should be labelled in capital letters followed by a bracket, e.g. A), B), C). Figures should be referred to in sequence, using "Fig. 1A" or "Figs. 1,2" etc.Please click here for useful tips on how to improve your figures (including some examples).Citations and reference listDepending on the rubric, reference lists should not exceed 120 or 30 entries.Citation of published literature should be indicated by numbers in square brackets at normal text level (not superscript), e.g. "This study [12] showed that ...". Reference list entries should comply with the examples below. Journal titles should be abbreviated in accordance with the USA National Standard abbreviations for journals. For easier formatting of your reference list, get the Endnote file.Borikova AL, Dibble CF, Sciaky N, WelchCM, et al. 2010. Rho kinase inhibition rescues the endothelial cell cerebral cavernous malformation phenotype. J Biol Chem 285: 11760-4.Perreten V, Frey J. 2009. Use of a microchip to detect antibiotic resistance genes in Bacillus anthracis. In Kostic T, Butaye P, SchrenzelJ. ed; Detection of highly dangerous pathogens. Wiley-VCH. p 147-152.If there are more than 4 authors on a paper, use "et al." for the remainder.Inclusion and citation of unpublished work: This should be kept to a minimum (no more than 2 such citations are permissible). Your own unpublished observations, including results submitted for publication, should be cited as such in the text only, and not in the reference list. Personal communications, i.e. unpublished observations of other scientists, should only be included with written permission from the source.Keywords and abbreviationsKewords: Please provide up to 7 keywords/terms that you feel optimally describe the topic(s) of your paper.Abbreviations: Very common abbreviations such as DNA, RNA, PCR do not need explaining. However, BioEssays' readership is very broad, so abbreviations such as SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) or GPCR (G-protein coupled receptor) should be included in an abbreviations section. All abbreviations that are highly field-specific should be explained in such a section. Gene names need not be included in the abbreviations section, as the full names are often no more informative than the abbreviations. In cases where an abbreviation is used only once or twice in short succession, it need not be included in the list of abbreviations: it is enough to give the full term in the text.Nomenclature and styleFor biochemical nomenclature, refer to the No. 1 issue of the Journal of Biological Chemistry. EC numbers should accompany citation of all enzymes. SI units should be used throughout in preparation of manuscripts. Genetics nomenclature should follow that used by the Journal Genetics. Gene and species names should be in italic type. Proteins should be in roman type.Supporting informationSupporting Information can be a useful way to include important but ancillary information with the online version of an article. Examples of Supporting Information include additional tables, data sets, figures, movie files, audio clips, 3D structures, and other related nonessential multimedia files. Supporting Information should be cited within the article text, and a descriptive legend should be included. It is published as supplied by the author, and a proof is not made available prior to publication; for these reasons, authors should provide any Supporting Information in the desired final format. For further information on recommended file types and requirements for submission, please visit: The supporting information page in Author Services.

Science Manuscript Template General Instructions on using this template and submitting a manuscript to Science: Thank you for preparing a manuscript for submission to Science. Using this template, or following the guidelines below, will help us in processing your paper. Our goal is to be able to identify each section of your manuscript so that we can accurately record the title, authors, abstract, etc. and also be able to enrich it by including reference links and an accurate layout. Please use the actual template, which starts on page 2. delete the text on this cover page. You can submit your paper at www.submit2science.org Additional instructions are available at http://www.sciencemag.org/site/feature/contribinfo/index.xhtml If you are using LaTeX , please convert your paper into a Word or RTF file if possible. If this is not possible, please use our LaTeX template and upload a PDF version of your paper. Some conversion approaches are available here: http://www.tug.org/utilities/texconv/textopc.html So that we can identify the parts of your paper, and even if you do not use our template, please begin each section with the specific key words listed below, some of which are followed by a colon. Please do not use paragraph breaks in the title, author list, or abstract.

AbstractThis is an example document for the achemso document class, intended for submissions to the American Chemical Society for publication. The class is based on the standard LaTeX2e report file, and does not seek to reproduce the appearance of a published paper.This is an abstract for the achemso document class demonstration document. An abstract is only allowed for certain manuscript types. The selection of journal and manuscript will determine if an abstract is valid. If not, the class will issue an appropriate error.

TitleTitles can occupy no more than three lines of type. Each line should contain no more than 50 characters, including spaces. The title should convey the conceptual significance of the paper to a broad readership.Authors/AffiliationsAuthor names should be spelled out rather than set in initials. Authors should be footnoted to corresponding affiliations. Affiliations should contain the following core information: department(s)/subunit(s); institution; city, state/region, postal code; country. Note: Please check author names and affiliations carefully, as we cannot amend or correct these sections after publication.Corresponding AuthorThe "Correspondence" line should include the e-mail address(es) of the corresponding author(s). One corresponding author is preferred for reasons stated in the Authorship section of Editorial Policies above. But there is no mandatory limit on the number of corresponding authors that may be listed. Corresponding authors may also provide a Twitter handle as a secondary means of contact. Please see the corresponding author responsibilities noted above in the Editorial Policies.Lead ContactEvery author list must identify one corresponding author as a Lead Contact, noted by a footnote in the manuscript. If there is only one corresponding author, that author will be listed as the Lead Contact. Please see the Lead Contact responsibilities noted above in the Authorship section of the Editorial Policies.Additional FootnotesFootnotes are only allowed on page 1 of the text (and in tables). They may include a Lead Contact (mandatory) or a present address (optional), or they may indicate co-first authorship (optional). For more on designations of author contributions, please see the "Authorship" section above, under Editorial Policies.SummaryThe Summary consists of a single paragraph of fewer than 150 words. It should clearly convey the conceptual advance and significance of the work to a broad readership. In particular, the Summary should contain a brief background of the question, a description of the results without extensive experimental detail, and a summary of the significance of the findings. References should not be cited in the Summary.KeywordsAuthors are encouraged to include up to ten keywords that will be associated with the article on Cell Press platforms and on PubMed. These keywords should be listed in the manuscript after the Summary, separated by commas.Highlights and eTOC BlurbHighlights are a short collection of bullet points that convey the core findings of the article. Specifications: up to four bullet points may be included; the length of an individual bullet point should not exceed 85 characters (including spaces); only the core results of the paper should be covered.The eTOC blurb is a short summary of the main take-home message of the paper and should describe the context and significance of the findings for the broader readership. Please see the "In Brief" links in the Table of Contents for examples. Specifications: This blurb should be 50 words or fewer; this blurb should be written in the third person and refer to “First Author et al.”Both are required for all research papers and will be displayed online with the article; however, they will not appear in print. On the EM page where you are asked to upload your files, please choose "Highlights and eTOC Blurb" and upload a single Word document containing both your Highlights and the eTOC Blurb.IntroductionThe Introduction should be succinct, with no subheadings, and should present the background information necessary to provide a biological context for the results.ResultsThis section should be divided with subheadings. Footnotes should not be used.DiscussionThe Discussion should explain the significance of the results and place them into a broader context. It should not be redundant with the Results section. This section may contain subheadings and can in some cases be combined with the Results section.Experimental ProceduresThe Experimental Procedures should, at minimum, include enough detail to allow the reader to understand the general experimental design and to be able to assess the data presented in the figures. More detailed protocols and procedures needed for readers to reproduce experiments should be included in the Supplemental Experimental Procedures. Any supplemental tables that list materials used in the study (oligonucleotides, strains, etc.) should be included within the relevant section of the Supplemental Experimental Procedures; these tables should have a title but should not be numbered. If your paper contains Supplemental Experimental Procedures, please make sure that they are referred to within the main Experimental Procedures so that it is clear to the reader that additional details are available online.   This section should also include a description of any statistical methods employed in the study. A more detailed version of the procedures and details such as oligo sequences, strains, and specifics of how constructs were made can be included in the Supplemental Information, but it is not appropriate to move the majority of the Experimental Procedures to Supplemental Information in order to shorten the text. Please see our complete Supplemental Information guidelines for more information.Author ContributionsFor primary research papers, we ask you to include a dedicated Author Contributions section preceding the Acknowledgments to give information about individual author contributions to the work. Please keep this section as concise as possible and use initials to indicate author identity. All of the authors listed on the paper should be mentioned in this section at least once. We are happy for you to use a traditional format such as “A.B. and C.D. conducted the experiments, E.F. designed the experiments and wrote the paper…” but would also encourage you to use the CRediT taxonomy instead.AcknowledgmentsThis section may acknowledge contributions from non-authors and/or list funding sources, and it should include a statement of any conflicts of interest. Please check this section carefully, as we cannot allow amendments or corrections after publication.ReferencesReferences should include only articles that are published or in press. For references to in press articles, please confirm with the cited journal that the article is in fact accepted and in press and include a DOI number and online publication date. Unpublished data, submitted manuscripts, abstracts, and personal communications should be cited within the text only. Personal communication should be documented by a letter of permission. Submitted articles should be cited as unpublished data, data not shown, or personal communication.In-text citations should be written in Harvard style and not numbered, e.g., "Smith et al., 2015; Smith and Jones, 2015."Please use the style shown below for references. Note that "et al." should only be used after ten authors.Article in a periodical:Sondheimer, N., and Lindquist, S. (2000). Rnq1: an epigenetic modifier of protein function in yeast. Mol. Cell 5, 163–172.Article in a book:King, S.M. (2003). Dynein motors: Structure, mechanochemistry and regulation. In Molecular Motors, M. Schliwa, ed. (Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH), pp. 45–78.An entire book:Cowan, W.M., Jessell, T.M., and Zipursky, S.L. (1997). Molecular and Cellular Approaches to Neural Development (New York: Oxford University Press).Figure LegendsLegends should be included in the submitted manuscript as a separate section. Each figure legend should have a brief title that describes the entire figure without citing specific panels, followed by a description of each panel. For any figures presenting pooled data, the measures should be defined in the figure legends (for example, "Data are represented as mean ± SEM."). Each legend should refer to any supporting items in the Supplemental Information (e.g., "See also Figure S1.").TablesWhen creating a table, please use the Microsoft Word Table function. Tables should include a title, and footnotes and/or legend should be concise. Include tables in the submitted manuscript as a separate section. Tables not created with the Microsoft Word table function will need to be revised by the author.When creating tables, please adhere to the following guidelines:Do not submit tables in Excel or PDF format. Do not place an Excel table in a Word document. Format tables with Word's Table function; do not use tabs or spaces to create a table. Do not use line breaks or spaces to separate data within a cell. Use separate cells for all discrete data elements within a table. Number tables as Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, etc., rather than as Table 1a, Table 1b, Table 1c, etc. If bold or italic font is used within a table to indicate some feature of the data, please give an explanation of its usage in the legend. All abbreviations within a table must be defined in the table legend or footnotes. Footnotes should be listed with superscript lowercase letters, beginning with “a.” Footnotes may not be listed with numbers or symbols. Supplemental InformationIn general, Supplemental Information is limited to data and other materials that directly support the main conclusions of a paper but cannot be included in the main paper for reasons such as space or file format restrictions. SI should not be used to present data that are preliminary or that conceptually go beyond the main point of the paper.Before submitting your supplemental materials, please refer to our complete instructions in the Supplemental Information guidelines. This page also contains information on submitting movie and other multimedia files.

AbstractInsert abstract information here.Insert Received for publication Date and in final form DateInsert Corresponding address and emailsPlace the Author addresses here

Double click to add an Abstract

AbstractNo more than approx. 500 words (or 3,000 characters).Headings in structured abstracts should be bold and followed by a period. Each heading should begin a new paragraph. For example:Background. The background section text goes here. Next line for new section.Methods. The methods section text goes here.Results. The results section text goes here.Discussion. The discussion section text goes here.

AbstractNo more than approx. 500 words (or 3,000 characters).Headings in structured abstracts should be bold and followed by a period. Each heading should begin a new paragraph. For example:Background. The background section text goes here. Next line for new section.Methods. The methods section text goes here.Results. The results section text goes here.Discussion. The discussion section text goes here.

Research: the process by which we understand the world, ourselves, and other phenomena ranging from the alpha helix of a protein to the societal movements in politics is what life is.  That may be a bit too grandiose, but research is an integral part of advancing humankind forward.Said differently, research is the engine by which progress occurs.  Yet, performing successful research is something that is not easy. Unlocking the secrets of life is a laborious task and it requires cooperation amongst people in real time as well as those that came before us.  Key to this progress is clarity, completeness, and access.  One might guess that this is the what defines the research publishing community.  One might be wrong.Scholarly research is for the most part locked behind expensive paywalls in forms that resemble more of something like a trophy than a document used for conveying important of pieces of research in the best manner possible.  While there are lots of things occurring in scholarly research that don't make sense, one blatant one stands out.  We charge researchers to access other researchers documents-- not in the name of sustainability, but in the name of profit.  In fact, we had to invent a word to describe a publication process that is conducive to research: open access.  What is #OpenAccess and what is it good for?  Absolutely everything, as far as research is concerned.

Scholarly publishing is slow, really slow.  The time from submission to publication takes on average one year, likely an underestimate considering the fact that many authors are forced to submit to multiple publishers.