COVID-19 has affected domestic and international food industries as a result of government closures of restaurants and bars in an attempt to stop the spread of the disease. The restaurant industry greatly aids every nation’s economic stability. This study aimed to determine how COVID-19 restrictions would affect eateries and other related businesses. The primary subjects of this study were restaurant owners in the Idukki neighborhood. This study aims to investigate how lockdown restrictions affect Idukki District’s restaurant businesses. The challenges faced by restaurant owners during the pandemic, the strategies they employed, the degree to which customers were happy with the services they received, and customers’ expectations for the future of the restaurant industry are all covered in this research. The nature of the restaurant industry is described and examined in this study. Kerala, India’s Idukki District, was home to the chosen sample.  According to research, restaurants used technology extensively as a strategy during the outbreak, taking into account the opinions of their patrons. The majority of restaurants offered home delivery and online ordering, which fueled the growth of the restaurant business in Idukki District. Orders are fulfilled according to customer preferences, which aid restaurants in maintaining patrons throughout the pandemic.

For any organisation to be successful, employee performance is very crucial. The growing importance of leadership roles and behaviours in increasing virtual teams’ employee performance has been the catalyst of this study. The study is empiric in nature. Focus-group discussions and online survey using a questionnaire were done, yielding 180 replies from virtual groups of software professionals of Bengaluru. The data gathered is then analysed with the IBM SPSS 20 application utilising inference and descriptive statistics. The study indicated a positively significant correlation among the leadership behaviours and work characteristics, which leads to improved employee performance in the teams that are virtual. The analysis provides experiential data that reinforces the idea of leadership behaviours, which states that whenever leaders demonstrate greater levels of task and relations oriented leadership behaviour contributing to work characteristics in a simulated setting, employee performance can be optimised. The study’s managerial implications and potential possibilities for further research are mentioned at the end of the paper.

Risk perception may be measured in different, separate environments. For example, drivers and pedestrians assess the risks in the road environment and workers assess the risks in the workplace environment. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationships between the risks perceived in several different environments in order to examine whether separate environments – such as the workplace environment and the road environment – are perceived as distinct environments, and whether the knowledge gained by learning to assess risks in one environment can be transferred to a new one. This study found a relationship between measures of risk perception while driving and a while crossing a road. Another finding is that a relationship was observed between the perception of risks related to vaccines and those related to medication, and a relationship was also observed between measures of risk perception while browsing the Internet and while using social media. The relationships between the measures of risk perception while crossing a road and the measures of risk perception while hiking in nature or in the workplace are small, as are the relationships between health-related risks and stock market-related risks. These findings suggest that separate environments, such as the workplace environment and the natural environment, are perceived as distinct environments from the road environment, and that knowledge learned in one environment cannot be transferred and used when in the other environment. The findings are discussed in the context of digital classroom learning.

This paper describes a qualitative study of educational outcomes for 0–8-year-old children with blindness and low vision (BLV) who are learning sonification concepts. Children with BLV experience barriers to accessing education and careers in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM), fields which traditionally rely heavily on visual representation of information. There is growing awareness of the potential of sonification, a technology to represent data and information in non-speech audio, to improve education access. While early learning of assistive technology skills is deemed essential for equity of access to education across the curriculum, children are generally not introduced to the concept of sonification at school until at academic level in secondary or tertiary education. Little is known about how young children with BLV engage with this promising technology. Phase 1 of the project consisted of the development of ‘CosmoBally on Sonoplanet’, an accessible, educational game application for iPads and Android tablets. In phase 2, an online qualitative survey collected formal responses from users of this app to Likert scale and open-ended questions. The majority of the 17 respondents were (specialist) educators, and five of the respondents identified as having BLV. The survey investigated respondents’ perceptions of the capabilities of young children with BLV in using basic sonification in ‘CosmoBally on Sonoplanet’ to identify shapes - including a circle-, orientate in a digital grid and create drawings on a touch screen. Results suggest that young children with BLV can learn sonification skills and that they additionally build relevant non-sonification skills during this learning process. This paper aims to provide a first insight into best practice around early learning of sonification as a potential tool for increased access and inclusion of children with BLV to STEM subjects in school.

It has been suggested that both the avoidance of individuals with infectious diseases and stigmatisation of others are driven by the emotion disgust. Previous research lends credence to this hypothesis, however, whether disease avoidance and disgust play a role in stigma towards those with mental disorders remains unclear. To test this, the present study examined whether pathogen disgust scores on the Three Domain Disgust Scale were associated with stigmatising attitudes towards those with four different presentations of obsessive-compulsive disorder (n=70). Moral disgust and sexual disgust were also incorporated as exploratory variables. Our results indicated that neither pathogen disgust, moral disgust nor sexual disgust scores could predict stigma towards any of the obsessive-compulsive disorder presentations, suggesting that variation in disgust may be unable to completely explain individual differences in stigma towards obsessive-compulsive disorder.

This study examines the implementation of Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education (MTB-MLE) within urban educational contexts. Conducted in Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University’s laboratory elementary schools, it reveals the complexities of L1 instruction. The research underscores the need for tailored teacher training, localized instructional resources, and improved support across human, material, and financial resources. Findings show that while there is considerable awareness, actual implementation and support for L1 instruction require significant improvement. These results emphasize the importance of prioritizing MTB-MLE, especially in cultivating multilingualism and enhancing the overall learning environment.

Knowledge-Based Economic Development for Environmental, Social and Governmental Risk Management in Nordic CountriesAbstract: The Article is dedicated to social wellbeing , environment related and state institutions activity in the process of eliminating risks and to overcome roads by their theoretically and practical analysis.Article has been discussed an ideological level of various theories, opinions of well- known science and various countries experiences. in each country exists individual approach of social politics, environment protection and state institutions competencies. some approaches are addition benefit bringer, while some is doomed for failure. at a distance of history in many country of the world, accumulated successful experience social wellbeing, environment protective and state institutions strengthening in the direction to happen risks to a minimum reduction or at all eliminate them.noted with directions achieved Good luck stand out Nordic countries . in the second part of the Article, let’s get to know experience of each Nordic country in terms of: social politics, nature care and state institutions construction. Also, we will get to know each Nordic country by their achieved results to the economic growth, which has been reviewed Current challenges of ESG risk eliminating Technologies. Article will discuss risks, that are connected with the activity of the industries which are connected to social wellbeing, environment protection and strengthening of state institutions.Keywords: ESG risks, Social Wellbeing, Environment Protection, Government Resilient, “Triple Helix” ; “Quadruple Helix”, KBE Development.

The concept of recognition holds significant prominence within contemporary philosophy. The concept typically refers to the condition of being acknowledged, wherein one subject assumes the role of the recognizer and another subject serves as the recognized object. However, what is the nature of the relationship between the subject and the object? This paper aims to analyze Hegel’s response to the aforementioned inquiry within his renowned work, Phenomenology of Spirit. In this context, the emergence of self-consciousness is contingent upon the presence of another self-consciousness that is separate and distinct. Self-consciousness is able to attain a state of self-assurance and an authentic understanding of one’s own identity by establishing connections with others. The state of self-consciousness becomes non-existent when it is detached from external influences, as it is unable to manifest in isolation. The presence of self-consciousness necessitates the acknowledgment of the other and vice versa. The recognition in question is not unidirectional, but rather reciprocal in nature. In this analysis, the allegorical framework of the lordship and bondage relationship will be employed to argue that Hegel posits the impossibility of unequal or one-sided recognition in both the lord and bondsman positions. This will be achieved by examining the significance of recognition from both perspectives. Mutual recognition is a prerequisite for the existence of both entities, as neither can sustain itself in isolation. The sole solution lies in the reciprocal recognition between two individuals.

The term “life” is undoubtedly a concept that legislators can no longer fail to understand in present times, certainly with a burning migration crisis at the forefront. The present study explores the intrinsic relationship between the concepts of “life” and “rights” through the lens of ancient philosophy, in particular from Aristotle’ seminal writing. The distinction between “Bios” and “Zoe”, as recognized by the latter, is analyzed and reconsidered in contemporary contexts, specifically within the framework of modern human rights and the challenges posed by the global migration crisis. Challenging thereby the philosopher Agamben, who maintains a dichotomy between the biological and the political body - albeit blurred by his conception of “naked life”, the study argues for a more nuanced interpretation of Aristotle’s oeuvre, which allows for the recognition of a complementary - if not inseparable - connection between biological life and political existence. Through a further interlacing with Hannah Arendt’s concept of “The right to have rights”, the article aims to apply this framework to the situation of refugees, emphasizing the intertwined nature of life and political recognition. In a forward-looking perspective, it is hoped to raise reflexive stances on the contemporary right to life, whose complete comprehending hinges on recognizing its innate political dimension.

Allison’s Thucydides trap has become one of the most potent analogies used to describe US-Chinese relations. It can be found everywhere among political observers and policymakers. While the notion has met several criticisms, to date no one has observed that Allison relied on an inaccurate adaptation of the English translation of Thucydides’ key sentence he used. This inaccuracy has led to the invention of Thucydides trap, whereby a rising power, Athens (China), threatens a hegemonic power, Sparta (the US): and this threat often results in war. Yet Thucydides’ key sentence, the rest of his work, and (even basic) familiarity with Greek history point to the fact that the two rivals were already established hegemonic powers. There was no rise of Athens, but Sparta’s fear that the Athenian empire may take over all of Greece. This article shows how abuses of Thucydides in the form of Thucydides trap serve US attempts to legitimize its presence in East Asia while feeding into Western Sinophobia.

Burnout, recognized as a psychological syndrome, stems from enduring reactions to emotional and interpersonal obstacles at work. It highlights the tension experienced by individuals within the broader framework of their interactions with their jobs. This phenomenon has attracted considerable attention across diverse professional sectors. With the Middle East’s rapid expansion of tertiary education and reliance on both local and expatriate educators, a thorough understanding of burnout becomes essential. This study aims to investigate the burnout levels experienced by university instructors in Oman and to explore the relationship between their profiles and the three burnout components: Emotional Exhaustion (EE), Depersonalization (DP), and Personal Achievement (PA). Using the adapted Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) questionnaire consisting of 22 items, a survey was conducted on a sample of 149 instructors with individual characteristics from public universities in Oman. Regarding burnout, the results showed a moderate level of DP (6.7) and PA (34.8), and a low level of EE (21.5) based on the overall scores. Through bootstrap multiple regression analysis, the results showed that instructors who have lower educational qualifications, lack training support, or are native to the region typically experience higher EE than their counterparts. Male instructors with lower educational qualifications, lower incomes, and local citizenship generally exhibit higher levels of DP compared to their counterparts. Female instructors tend to display higher levels of PA than their male counterparts. These findings highlight burnout in Middle Eastern university instructors, guiding future studies to pinpoint causes and tailor interventions in an evolving educational landscape.

What is knowledge? What makes knowledge possible? What if we are wrong about everything we think we know? Can we be sure that the things we believe are true? Philosophers have spent years trying to answer these questions. One answer is that Plato’s preoccupation is the traditional epistemology with the search for the necessary and sufficient conditions for knowledge. The assumption is that traditional epistemologists see knowledge as justified true belief (J.T.B). In other words, once these conditions or criteria (i.e., truth, belief, and justification) are met, knowledge is gained or attained. However, these conditions have a severe problem, which Edmund Gettier pointed out and challenged in his three-page articles about the traditional analysis of knowledge in 1963. These problems led some epistemologists to look for an alternative view that could solve these issues. One of the solutions that many philosophers propose is contextualism as an alternative view to solve the problems in Gettier’s cases. In this paper, I will attempt to investigate whether contextualism can offer a satisfactory explanation of Gettier’s scenarios. This argument will focus on David Lewis’s contextualism. To avoid Gettier problem, Lewis chooses a nuanced infallibilism. The author provides these guidelines to achieve this goal. In conclusion, I assert that Lewis’s contextualism can partially solve the Gettier dilemma by pointing out some flaws in his account.

How can authoritarianism and spectacle relate in gameplay groups? Through a case study of DOJRP (Department of Justice Roleplay), a Grand Theft Auto V player organization using the FiveM server framework, I develop a theory of ludocracy, describing situations where expanding administration of a game becomes central to playing the game. Textual analyses of DOJRP’s governance documents find legalistic norms that extract work from players, enroll players in mutual surveillance, and allocate capital hierarchically within a system whose members demonstrate increasing social standing through rules enforcement upon each other. Tracing both a process through which players advance in rank, and a history through which DOJRP first originated in a small scene then inspired profuse imitators, I argue that what relationships a roleplay group encultures follow what images the group emulates.

A document by Adaeze Ejike-Alieji. Click on the document to view its contents.

A document by Norzelatun Rodhiah Hazmi. Click on the document to view its contents.

This article introduces the US Aid to Security Sector Actors (USASSA) dataset, the product of a collaboration between academic researchers and the nonprofit Security Assistance Monitor. In addition to providing the most comprehensive source of data on US security assistance, the USASSA dataset transforms detailed information about how security assistance funds are spent into aid and recipient typologies that can be used to conduct more sophisticated analyses of how this foreign policy tool is employed, its utility, and its limitations. Our data clearly show not only the magnitude and geographic reach of US SSA, but also its diversity. While some SSA is akin to humanitarian aid, other types of assistance blur the line between foreign aid and proxy warfare. We demonstrate the utility of the dataset’s typology of aid types with an analysis of factors affecting variation in the amount and type of aid provided to different states.

This research uses key actor interviews to construct a theoretical model with which we examine the impacts of foreign direct investment (FDI) from secrecy jurisdictions into Liverpool’s private rental real estate sector. We found that the key actors in our interviews were informed to different degrees about the role of secrecy jurisdictions and did not differentiate between the different types of FDI. All of the interviewees identified FDI as a major factor influencing urban regeneration trajectories and their impact on communities and the city. Thus, while we sought to focus attention on offshore financial flows, the key actors focussed our attention on the several regeneration projects that have been undertaken in the city. The model encompasses economic, housing, and community dynamics, highlighting the tensions and concerns raised by different actors.

Wu Lien-teh was born in 1879 on the island of Penang in Malaya (four days before Einstein). He hailed from Taishan, Guangdong. In 1896, at the age of 17, Dr. Wu excelled and was awarded the Queen’s Scholarship by Queen Victoria to study at the University of Cambridge in London. During his research, he successively studied at St. Mary’s Hospital in the UK, the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, the Hygiene Institute at the University of Halle in Germany, and the Pasteur Institute in France. He was mentored by Nobel laureates Professor Elie Metchnikoff and Professor Frederick Gowland Hopkins. Dr. Wu pursued his studies abroad for seven years, earning a total of five degrees from the University of Cambridge: Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Arts, Master of Surgery, Master of Arts, and Doctor of Medicine. He obtained his doctorate at the young age of 24. He was also the first Chinese person in the world to be awarded a doctorate from the University of Cambridge