This paper argues that to adopt a “naturalized morals” perspective, and to match it with narrative studies, may help advance the study of empathy and its relation to multi-cultural ethics within the larger study of audience involvement. Firstly, different texts may convey different morals, and therefore require different audiences adhering to different morals in order to obtain a preferred or negotiated reading. This invites us to reconsider some old concepts (e.g. anti-hero) as well as some newer ones (e.g. the “bad fan”). Secondly, if studies of empathy tend to focus on character (dis)liking, narratologists generally adopt a wider view, involving multiple narrative agents including real makers, implied makers, narrator(s), narratee(s), implied audience(s) and real audience(s). Adopting this wider view allows for a more refined study of empathy that may play (or not) as a more diversified phenomenon at multiple levels. Thirdly, empathy is not the only player in this game. A brief introduction to phenomena such as prank culture and hate reading/watching suggests that a study of empathy needs to look also at some competitors in the field of audience involvement.

The study intentions were to examine the correlation and impact of the style of leadership of the principals on job performance of the teachers of secondary school in private sector in Lahore district, Pakistan. It is correlational study in terms of research design. The data was collected from 106 principals and 543 teachers of secondary schools in private sector in Lahore district through adapted instrument. The first tool of the instrument “Principal Leadership Style Questioner (PLSQ) had cronbach alphas of 0.834 for autocratic leadership sub-scale, 0.764 for democratic leadership sub-scale and 0.861 for laissez-faire leadership sub-scale. The Second tool of the instrument “Teacher Job Performance Questioner” (TJPQ) had Cronbach alpha of 0.816. The research question and hypotheses were tested by using percentage, multiple regression, Pearson correlation at the level of p<0.05 significance. The statistics attesting 57.3% variation in teachers’ job performance was due to mutual contribution of principals’ autocratic leadership, democratic leadership and laissez-faire leadership styles. The most commonly employed principals’ leadership style was autocratic leadership in secondary school in private sector in the district. It had statistically significant and strong positive impact on teachers’ performance in the studied area. Whereas reciprocal impact in case of laissez-faire. The principal suggestion was that the school principals should be trained to learn the mixture usage of autocratic and democratic leadership styles wisely in diverse situations and work settings in secondary schools in private sector in the district Lahore, Pakistan.

This paper discusses Ghana’s decentralisation and local government system vis-à-vis the District Assembly concept which has functioned since 1988. It analyses why the system has not made the desired impact on the country’s governance system and democratic process. It concludes that the decentralisation system has failed to make the desired impact due to a lack of democratic accountability and legitimacy at the grassroots level and the absence of political will of successive governments to devolve power. It makes some recommendations and proposals on how the system could be made more functional, democratic and accountable to build the confidence and trust of citizens and increase their level of participation in the democratic dispensation.

Enhancing economic subsistence: diversification activities and labor intensification as economic setback mitigation in upland agriculture communitiesSimeon C. Bernados, Jr11College of Arts and Sciences, Cebu Technological University, Cebu City, PhilippinesE-mail: [email protected] demonstrate that pluriactivities can contribute to the economic condition as a response to economic setback, the diversification activities of upland farmers and the utilization of their available labor pool were used to illustrate that economic well-being is attainable through the use of lucrative undertakings. Using the 1995 and 2015 data to compute two growth years, upland farm household strategies to cope with financial challenges were documented and analyzed. Variables included in the analysis were the socioeconomic status of upland households, the different agricultural phases, the labor types used relative to the different agricultural phases, and the time expended on the use of labor types in relation to the different agricultural phases. Results showed that diversification activities have helped the upland household meet the financial requirements needed for both the farm and households. Recommendations for governments and development planners to undertake development projects for upland communities were discussed.Keywords: upland farming, livelihood diversification, crop diversification, labor utilization, agricultural phases, povertyIntroductionStudies have shown that participation in rural nonfarm employment (RNFE) have contributed to income increase, wealth and even agricultural productivity (Barrett, Reardon, & Webb, 2001; Haggblade, Hazell, & Reardon, 2005). These findings suggest that the correlation between participation and higher income is a way out of poverty (Bezu, Barrett, & Holden, 2012). But, studies of determinants of participation suggested the opposite, that an unequitable access of remunerative nonfarm activities only favors the rich rather than the poor (Barrett et al., 2001; Corral & Reardon, 2001; Davis et al., 2010; Dercon, 2006; Meert, Van Huylenbroeck, Vernimmen, Bourgeois, & Van Hecke, 2005). Thus, there is a good reason to examine the positive trajectories of the correlation.Studies on economic activities of poor households in the rural areas showed positive trajectories on the contribution of livelihood activities to the well-being of rural household (Avila-Foucat & Rodríguez-Robayo, 2018; Kassie, Kim, & Fellizar, 2017; Mentamo & Geda, 2016; Saha & Bahal, 2015). These studies demonstrated that the ultimate outcome of pluriactivities was for the improvement of the well-being of household through increase of income and high productivity. Households engaged in numerous activities like trade, handicrafts, services to meet their daily needs (Srisopaporn, Jourdain, Perret, & Shivakoti, 2015). To measure affluence, accumulation of assets became the gauge (Barrett et al., 2001; Ellis & Freeman, 2004; Saha & Bahal, 2016).Farmers’ economic activities have not only improved their financial capacity but also the ecological outcomes associated with the activities. Studies have shown that crop diversification, for instance, have improved soil condition through the cultivation of nitrogen-fixing crops, reduced pest infestation through effective pest management control, and lessened soil run-off or soil erosion (Gaba et al., 2015; Kidane & Zegeye, 2018). Moreover, going beyond the carrying capacity of the natural resource could be prevented by liberalizing access to the different livelihood resources (Kamanga, Vedeld, & Sjaastad, 2009).However, quantification of farmers’ labor expenditures in relation to agricultural phases and their contribution to agricultural productivity was rarely reported in the literature. This is the gap of research that this paper addresses. Most of the discussions on farmers’ labor use were placed in broad headlines, leaving out the specific value of time use and their allocation of it in cognizance of their economic activities. This method of inquiry is directed at the understanding farmers’ values and needs for time use is expressive of prioritization of needs (Chambers, 1995; Rhoades & Booth, 1982).The main objective of this paper then is to demonstrate that pluriactivities can contribute to the economic condition of the upland farmers. This paper used the diversification activities of farmers and the utilization of their available labor pool as means of improving their economic condition.Theoretical FrameworkAs a response against uncertainties and as alternative means to increase household income, diversification of livelihood and resources becomes the default response over specialization, and in fact, becomes the norm (Barrett et al., 2001; Kasem & Thapa, 2011; Kyi & Doppler, 2011). This subject was discussed extensively by Altieri (2018), Ellis & Freeman (2004), Kidane & Zegeye (2018), Meert et al (2005), Saha & Bahal (2016), Salvioni, Rondinelli, Esposito, & Henke (2009). Two types of diversification strategies stand out in the literature i.e. livelihood diversification and the agriculture or crop diversification.Livelihood diversificationLivelihood diversification is the use of non-specific household assets for non-agriculture activities unconnected to the farm business (Meert et al., 2005) and is associated with increased income (Makate, Wang, Makate, & Mango, 2016). Rural poor farmers diversify by adopting a range of activities, e.g. trade, handicrafts, services, and rents like plow animal rentals, to improve economic condition (Haggblade et al., 2005; Saha & Bahal, 2016; Srisopaporn et al., 2015). Assets accumulated coming from different sources become the measure of wealth and well-being (Barrett et al., 2001; Ellis & Freeman, 2004; Saha & Bahal, 2016).To understand rural small farmholders’ income seeking-behavior, myriads of variables were drawn-out from various econometric models (Avila-Foucat & Rodríguez-Robayo, 2018; Kassie et al., 2017; Mentamo & Geda, 2016; Saha & Bahal, 2016). Among these were household age, environmental consciousness, government regulatory requirements and subsidies, civic engagements, education level, access to credit and other financial resources, perceptions on land tenure, possessions of livestock, and dependency ratio. These studies argued that these variables need to be incorporated into the development plans to ensure farmers’ chances of survival and well-being.Livelihood diversification protects the overutilization of the natural resources, such as the forestland. Forestland resource was one of the sources of farmers’ alternative livelihood (Kamanga et al., 2009). In this study, authors demonstrated that households of economically poor farmers constituted the vast majority of forest consumers, implying that limiting the poor households’ access to the forest resources could contribute to disparity in income inequalities. But in granting them liberal access to forest resources, pressure on forest resource is inevitable (Vadez, Reyes-García, Huanca, & Leonard, 2008). Hence to lessen the reliance on the use of forest resources, lucrative enterprises should be made available to the rural poor farmers (Nguyen & Tran, 2018; Wei, Chao, & Yali, 2016). In this study, the authors argued that extremely poor households consumed and utilized forest resource more than their well-off counterparts implying that access to forestlands leads to increase in household per capita income, thereby contributing to the reduction of poverty incidence.Agricultural diversificationAgricultural or crop diversification increases household income (Dorsey, 1999) and household resiliency during lean periods (Singh, Kumar, & Woodhead, 2002). It is performed either by growing a variety of crops at one time or by growing different crops in different locations at the same time. Farmers diversify crops for numerous ends (Bosma, Udo, Verreth, Visser, & Nam, 2005).Aside from financial necessity, crop diversification has non-finance advantage (Kidane & Zegeye, 2018; Makate et al., 2016). These studies reported the practical value of crop diversification e.g. improvement of soil fertility, efficiency of agro-ecological systems which reduces crop production risks, enhances production stability, yields, and improvement of the diversity of human diet, suppression of diseases and pests, weeds, and volunteer crops. Studies concluded that crop diversification promotes ecological balance, reduces farm input use such as fertilizers and pesticides through intraspecies management and mitigation of environmental impacts, reduces pest infestation by  preventing their growth, reproduction, or dispersal, and minimizes soil erosion and the associated loss of nutrients by acting directly on soil fertility through nitrogen fixing species such as legumes (Gaba et al., 2015). In conclusion, crop diversification could be implemented for food production as well as ecosystem equilibrium.Has diversification really improved the lives of the marginalized farm households?As a response to curb poverty among the marginalized farmers in the rural areas, modernization of agro-technology improves rural farmers lives and eliminate rural poverty (George, 2014). Lessons from Green Revolution proved that by adoption of new technologies, lives of farmers could be improved and the national production goals could be achieved as well (Gollin, Hansen, & Wingender, 2018; Horlings & Marsden, 2011; Pingali, 2012). However, there were reports in some few studies that farmers rejected the introduced technology of the risk involved in the adoption of modern technology, thus resulting to low income and productivity (Fermont & Benson, 2011; Garibaldi et al., 2017; Loos et al., 2014).In poverty studies, crop diversification improved farmers’ livelihood outcomes (Kasem & Thapa, 2011; Kyi & Doppler, 2011). For instance, in one region in China, a five-year average yield increase was achieved from 67.9% to 97% as a result of crop diversification (Zhang et al., 2016). Similar gains were observed in South Africa (Michler & Josephson, 2017) and in some developing countries like Malawi, Nepal, Vietnam, Pakistan, Nicaragua, Indonesia, Albania, and Panama (Pellegrini & Tasciotti, 2014).Allocation of human resources in diversified householdDiversification activities begin at the household (Koomson & Asongu, 2016). Levy (1985), and Zepeda (2006) reported on the economic value of children and their contribution to the agricultural production; Adewale, Oladejo, & Ogunniyi (2005) examined the attitudinal factors of children pertaining the drudgery of agricultural operation; Dinku, Fielding, & Genc (2018) examined the roles children played in the household.The division of labor by gender has been extensively published in the literature and concluded that women has contributed to agricultural production (Haddad & Reardon, 1993; Matshe & Young, 2004; Neitzert, 1994; Saenz & Thompson, 2017; Shiferaw, Gebremedhin, & Zewdie, 2017; Udry, 1996; Udry, Hoddinott, Alderman, & Haddad, 1995). Saenz (2017) reported on the marketing and production involvement of women; Shiferaw (2017) documented women’s access to credit services reporting that some government and nongovernment organizations preferred to extend credit and other financial services to women rather than men for the reason that women’s economic activities were in consonance with government’s programs. However, Matshe & Young (2004) claimed that some domestic concerns prevented women to fully participate in agricultural production like children’s care, household care, and farm supportAccounting of labor and its contribution to agricultural productivity is rarely reported in literature and is usually placed in broad headlines in ethnographic efforts (Boserup, 1966). The quantification of farm labor can lead researchers to the understanding of the working patterns of farmers both in on-farm and off-farm seasons (Stone, Netting, & Stone, 1990) as well as the prioritization of farmers’ needs and the valuation of their resources in relation to their economic condition.MethodThe data used in this paper were component data of the project “Farm Labor and the Agroecological Management of Upland Rice Farming in Eastern Visayas, Philippines”. The research area is primarily agricultural with rice as the principal crop and others such as legumes, coconuts, rootcrops, and cash crops such as banana and vegetable as secondary crops. The area has limited flat lands, surrounded with high mountains with minor creeks flowing towards major creeks of three composing villages. This project detailed upland farmers farming practices.Secondary data were used in this essay. The data were formal survey interview, personal interviews with upland farmers and key informant, and notes during the participant observation phase. Household units were used as sampling units because they could be conveniently compared with other cultural units (Gross, 1984). Furthermore, it was relatively easy to observe behavior directly in a household or to use a single informant to report on the activities of household members. A total of 57 household units were used in the analysis. Prior informed consent was sought from the research participants prior the conduct of the formal survey, and personal interview with upland farmers and key informant. Furthermore, ethics clearance was granted by the departmental ethics committee of the Provincial Agricultural Office, Province of Leyte, Philippines.In this article, authors used the 1995 and 2015 data to compute two growth years. Data used in the analysis included among others: socioeconomic status of upland farmers, the different agricultural phases, the labor types used relative to the different agricultural phases, and the time expended on the use of labor types in relation to the different agricultural phases.Socioeconomic status includes the demographic characteristics of the household units, their livelihood and agronomic activities. Agricultural phases are the different agricultural tasks such as field preparation/ repair (FP), planting/ transplanting/ replanting (PL), weeding and pest management (HR), fertilizer application/ manuring (MA), and harvesting (HA). Labor types are the labor used in the performance of the agricultural phases, and these are the self labor, unpaid family labor, collective or exchange labor, and hired labor. Time expenditure is the amount of time spent in the performance of a task. These were computed in terms of hours expended as estimated by the research participant through the recall method.AnalysisIn soliciting the time expenditure data, the approximation method, instead of the diary method, was adopted. Approximation method uses the recall method. The farmer research-participant approximates the number of hours or days in an agricultural task. Researchers were very much aware of the inherent weakness of this method but was considered to be a lesser demanding task compared to the diary method (Bernard & Killworth, 1993; Paolisso & Hames, 2010). Descriptive statistics e.g. frequency count, mean, and percentage were used in the analysis. For the computation of the percentage of change, the entry of the final year (t2015) is subtracted with the entry of the beginning year (t1995) divided by t1995 and then is multiplied by the constant 100.ResultsTable 1 describes the demographic characteristics of upland farm households in terms of age of household heads, their educational attainment, household size, and number of household dependents. Majority of household heads were advanced in age (40-74 years) and have low educational attainment (2-9 years). Furthermore, household units have high population size (5-11 members) and have many dependents ranging from 5-14 dependents. Not to mention that these were factors of poverty (Jung & Smith, 2007), the data would point out that the farm household units had high overhead expenses like caring for children and the elderly, and household maintenance. Hence, capital requisites for agricultural endeavours were needed and household heads have to source out the much need capital for agricultural use.Labor management of upland farm householdFarmers allocated a labor type in relation to the agricultural phases. Households utilized four labor types, to wit: the unpaid family labor, self-labor, collaborative/exchange labor, and the hired labor. Self-labor is the type of labor performed by the household heads. In this study, household heads were the research participants. Unpaid family labor is the type of labor performed by every able-bodied member of the household; collective or exchange labor is the labor type extended to the members of the exchange group where reciprocity is the norm of the group, and; hired labor is a form of a contract labor paid by the households.Table 1. Demographic profile of upland farm household in a rural village in Eastern Visayas, Philippines

This paper explores the challenges of executive leadership and human resource development in a nonprofit setting. While human capital is a vital asset to any organization, it is particularly vital to nonprofit organizations, which expect their employees to work for less, and often do more, than their counterparts at for-profit companies. Managing these resources presents some challenges. Some of these challenges are similar to the challenges that for-profits face, such as attracting and retaining talent and developing leaders. Some of the challenges are unique, such as managing volunteers and the high-burnout rates of non-profit employees. Executive Leadership Development (ELD) is also a critical challenge faced by nonprofits. However, all Human Resource Development (HRD) issues within a nonprofit setting must be tackled with the organization’s mission in mind.

The article examines the central claims that purport to demonstrate that Mileva Marić, Einstein’s first wife, collaborated with Einstein on his major scientific work during their marriage. The claims are shown to be based on erroneous information, unreliable sources, and the recycling of assertions that have no factual basis.

From an initial collection of 210 studies about student engagement published since 2010, the paper synthesized 70. The purpose was threefold: to identify ever present themes currently informing this complex construct; to offer suggestions of how these themes could inform educational practice; and in the process, contribute to the construct’s theoretical development. It used a critical interpretative synthesis methodology (CIS) informed by grounded theory, to arrive at a conceptual framework with three ever present higher-order themes: (i) students invest in their own learning; (ii) quality teaching enables engagement; and (iii) external environments impact engagement. The themes were supported by nine catalysts for action. The paper also discusses an emergent theme still at the margins of the literature. While many established understandings of engagement persist, some changes are emergent.

This study focused on reviewing and benchmarking how Tanzania primary and secondary school curriculum able to impart personal financial knowledge and skills to the young generation. Stressing the need and the importance of personal financial literacy at young age. Approach: among other aspects the review uses jumpstart coalition financial literacy standards to assess the adequacy of the syllabus to impart personal financial literacy

Dr. Sangita Patil, an Assistant Professor, is working in LBS Govt. First Grade College, University of Bangalore, Karnataka. She has more than fifteen years of teaching experience at UG level. She is pursued Doctoral Degree from Tumkur University. She is a short story writer. She has published research articles in the refereed journals. She has presented papers at national and International Seminars/Conferences. She is short story writer.

This article first tries to characterize contemporary Western populist movements. It then details the key points of E. Laclau’s penetrating analysis of populism, with a view to using it in a perspective other than its author’s own. It hypothesizes that the center of gravity of the populism in the West resides in a reference to the demos, rather than ethnos or plebs. It goes on to probe the causes of growing citizen alienation, the main source of populism. It suggests that the social aspect, notably the destabilization of the lower-middle classes induced by the Neo-liberal order, does not exhaust the issue. Institutional demands soon emerge to remedy a perceived disenfranchisement of majorities generated over half-a-century by the rise of culturally-defined minority groups, resulting in a “tyranny of minorities”. Further, citizens resent being treated as minors by a “framed democracy” in which their capacity for discernment is ignored, and their assent dispensed with, by ruling elites in the name of a presumed higher moral good, or directives from unelected faraway power centers. The root cause of the malaise is the ascent, from the 1960s onward, of individualism and the relaxation of citizenship norms, leading to a situation where authority and power are questioned or feared, and political leadership becomes weak. Now reduced to a managerial role, it takes to accommodating activists, and delegates policy-making to independent, nonpartisan authorities, experts, or international organizations, thus becoming unresponsive to the will of majorities. In that light, civic populism is a response to a deactivation of democracy. Representative democracy systems, put in place over two centuries when the masses were uneducated, are not aging well now that average education levels have considerably increased and majorities want to make themselves heard. Redefining the relationships between elites and grassroots, majority and minorities, is thus in order.

Mahesh Dattani, the contemporary writer, represents the current day issues of the society where one finds, self-trapped in the clutches of society and is degraded to be the marginalised. The society treats marginalised with content as if they have committed serious damages on the human species at large. The current research is on the play Tara; a play by Mahesh Dattani which explores the issues that sensationalise society. The play is about Siamese twins Tara and Chandan who were con joined from chest till down. Later a surgery is required to separate them, according to Dr Thakkar it was the only, ‘the only chance for their survival’. (CP 331) The theorist, Carol Hanisch, Michel Foucault, Kate Millet and Simone De Beauvoir and discussed in this research where their theory and ideas provide strength to the current work. The format of the research work is MLA, seventh edition. The Personal is the Political and is explored through the play by Mahesh Dattani, Tara.

Forbes Magazine compiles Highest-Paid Female Athletes in the world; the list contains ten female athletes with the highest earning which includes all prize money, salaries and bonuses earned. This present study analysed the content of these ranking over ten years period from 2009 to 2018 to understand the calibre of sportswomen who have achieved that much, the sports they play and perhaps an insight into their personality. Twenty-five female athletes appeared on the list, from 18 countries, playing six different sports. The study concludes that for a sportswoman to become one of the highest paid female athletes in the world, she must be an American citizen who plays Tennis, as American citizens and Tennis players dominated the list. This highlight implications for governing bodies, talent managers and even sportswomen, especially those in team sports as the list was dominated with athletes in non-team sports. The country of origin seems to be a contributing factor as well. This study adds to the existing literature on sports marketing and celebrity endorsements. Specifically shed more light on sportswomen as individuals, their sports and country of origin. Implications for researchers, policymakers and Managers are provided. Research agenda for future studies were also presented.

This case study discusses research aspects relating to a Real Options model that values the strategies to lend or to idle a loan portfolio in a chaotic system. Here, discussion focuses on associating events with changes in data, and advocates the basis of data interpretations upon practices and events in the real world. The study examined data from annual reports for actively traded Philippine Universal Banks during an eight-year window of observation, from 2008 to 2015. A Real Options model was developed and forwarded to examine the lending behavior of these formal lending institutions as affected by income inflows, contingent claims, time, volatility, growth rates, a discount rate, and information asymmetry. This study expressed that actively traded Philippine Universal Banks should create more micro lending and risk mitigation facilities to encourage a more inclusive banking system.

With new micro and small-scale ventures, a founder may know of the risks associated with bank financing. Furthermore, the fact that these small-scale ventures were not eligible for such facilities, as they lacked proof of business concept, dictated that a founder seek alternatives to finance an enterprise. As a result, founders forego bank financing, and instead choose to finance the going concern with funds generated internally. This particular case study examined the beginning six months of a restaurant venture founded by a female Alumnus of the Entrepreneurship Department at the University of Santo Tomas. More specifically, this case investigated how a female entrepreneur assessed market tastes while controlling for costs and monitoring the company cash position. Discourse in this case study revolved about: (1) factors regarding pricing product offerings for a specific market, (2) assessing items that breakeven versus loss leaders, and (3) financing periodic operations with internally generated cash flows, more specifically, anticipating the cash position based on the cash burn rate per period. Analyses placed an emphasis on the cash position of a new venture, as an income statement may only partially explain operations. Hence, the cash position was used to assess the progress of the new venture, rather than solely through the income statement. This case study was developed to communicate the financing needs of newly conceived ventures that an entrepreneur faces upon implementation. As of 2018, the company this case study considered continued to operate.

A comprehensive multistage Value Added Tax (VAT) system, viz., Goods and Services Tax (GST), is introduced in India since 1 July 2017. GST encompasses various taxes from Union and State indirect tax bases and it is a dual VAT system with concurrent taxation power to Union and State governments. It was envisaged that removal cascading of taxes and enshrining destination based consumption tax system under GST will encourage investment and improve ease-of-doing business in India. Though it is not right time to comment on success or failure of Indian GST system unless the tax system stabilizes, so far revenue mobilization from GST is not encouraging. The shortfall in GST collection has been acknowledged in the ‘Medium Term Fiscal Policy cum Fiscal Policy Strategy Statement’ of the Union Budget 2019-20. The genesis of revenue shortfall may be design and structural in nature and/or compliance and tax administration related. However, the uncertainty surrounding GST revenue collection is an issue which needs an in-depth assessment for fiscal management of Union and State governments. The impact of revenue uncertainty will not be restricted to Union finances alone; it will spill over to state finances through inter-governmental fiscal transfers. Therefore, depending on seriousness of the uncertainties associated with GST revenue collection, devising an inter-governmental fiscal transfer framework may be a challenging task for the Fifteenth Finance Commission. Given the information available in the public domain, this paper attempts to explore possible causes of revenue shortfall and assess possible impacts of revenue shortfall on Union and State finances.

The firm Konyoka Multi-Purpose Organic Agriculture Farm was incorporated in 2016 in lines of farmers producers organisation with twin objectives of creating livelihood opportunities through integrated organic farm practices and reviving the barren flood plains of Jia Bhareli river. The academic aim of this case study is to analyse strategic decision of the firm in reviewing its supply chain and provide alternatives with a horizon of 05 years to 10 years in creating possible linkages and sustaining interest of its members. This case study discusses consumer behavior, food sovereignty, relationship between poverty, distressed selling, long-term business relationships, e-Commerce and CFPR practices, traditional supply chain, efficient logistic practices, organic farm produce markets, Government policy on farm subsidy and institutional support in organic farming in India vis-a-vis North Eastern India. Opportunities for the firm Konyoka discussed includes commercialization of plant varieties, agro-tourism, organic produce certification stages, and technology enabled solutions in customisation in secondary distribution. This case opens the scope of institution support (government) in organic farming and seriousness of political leadership in boosting confidence in primary sector. The case ends with leading solutions to excite the readers to design and appraise management issues in market linkages and change management.

Students are affected by their social background, ethnic, geographic and cultural origin, languages spoken, gender, sexuality, religion, etc. Also affecting students are the more general social-political transformations (globalization, migration, changing labor markets, etc.) Whereas a lot of the social science literature in education has viewed these aspects of student identity and diversity as separate from each other, I aim to understand how these factors impact on student identities-work intersectionally, especially in English Language Arts (ELA) classrooms. In the referenced pilot study, I use Positioning Theory to analyze the discursive incidents around literacy learning in Texas. By analyzing students’ interactions, I begin to gain an understanding of student agentic movements and the marginalizing forces that strengthen or diminish a student’s response to learning.

The aim of this study was to determine the compassion levels and the factors that affect the mercy levels of the operating room nurses, which is an important part of the surgical process.Methods:This descriptive study was conducted with 236 nurses working in the operating rooms of public and private hospitals between December 2017 and January 2018, which allowed the study to be carried out in Istanbul.The Compassion Scale and the Introductory Information Form were used to collect data.The SPSS 23 for Windows computer program was used to analyze the frequency,Mann-Whitney U Test, Kruskal-Wallis H Test, .Result:47.1% of the operating room nurses were male and 52.9% were female.The mean total score of the operating room nurses’ Compassion Scale was 3.92 ± 0.85.According to gender, kindness, common humanity, mindfulness, disengagement and total compassion level in men; ındifference and separation were higher in women (p <0.05).According to marital status, the size of indifference was higher in married, all other dimensions were higher in single staff. Conclusıon:In the light of the findings obtained from the study, it can be said that the highest average score can be taken from the scale, and the compassion levels of the operating room nurses are high.