Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) is used to examine the relationship between precipitation and surface temperature from six regions. Three regions are defined by physiography: world, ocean, and land. The other three regions are defined by averaged precipitation: dry, normal and wet. Monthly averaged daily precipitation rate from the Global Precipitation Climatology Project are compared with average monthly surface air temperature anomalies from the Goddard Institute for Space Studies using EMD. The EMD process produces component time series referred to as intrinsic mode functions (IMFs). Theses IMFs are ordered by frequency from high to low. Eight IMFs were produced for each the time series. The first three IMFs corresponded to seasonal, semi-annual and annual variations, respectively. IMF 4 to 6 corresponded to a biennial, pentennial and decadal climate signals, respectively. IMF 7 was related to the broad 20-30 year period, with the trend being revealed in IMF 8. The time series spanned the period from January 1980 to December 2015 at monthly intervals. Temperature and precipitation time series from six sampling regions were analyzed for evidence of correlation. Results from the analysis reveal the following: (1) The EMD process reveals both linear and non-linear trends. The trends are not entirely consistent between regions though they are highly correlated. (2) Apparent wave-to-wave interactions between high and low frequency components appear to be observed in the IMF 1 and 2. These distortions appear to correspond to the troughs and peaks in the decadal cycle captured in IMF 6 and may related to the solar cycle. (3) The correlation between precipitation and temperature increases with increasing IMF number.

Abstract: In Sichuan basin, the Longmaxi-Wufeng formation is rich of the shale gas, and the study of control factors of pores structure and connectivity are extremely significant for exploration of shale gas. Organic matter and inorganic matrix attribute to shale reservoir characters strongly. Though this work has been carried out by others before, it still has some arguments for this topic. In this project, we collected rock samples from oilfields, we did SEM, CO2 adsorption CH4 adsorption N2 adsorption, high pressure mercury injection, microscope observation, NMR, XRD, TOC test some related experiments. Analytical results show that TOC contents of the samples range from 0.96% to 6.12%, and the Wufeng-Longmaxi formation shale organic matter content is high. The samples porosity and permeability range from 0.49%-9.55% and 0.0006mD-0.73mD respectively, and the I/S of clay mineral amount ranges from 10%-60%. A plenty of graptolites were observed in the formation under microscope, and reflectivity of graptolites and solid bitumen can reveal that organic maturity is high in the formation. The higher the TOC percentage of sample, the higher the graptolite reflectance is. There are hydraulic fractures under microscope and SEM observation, and some of hydraulic fractures formed by stress, and some of them formed by hydrocarbon generation. Inorganic pores including bedding fracture, structural pores, intercrystalline pores, intergranular pores and dissolved pores and organic pore including corrosion pores, gas pores, bitumen spherulite pores can be observed. We observed quartz, calcite, feldspar under SEM to identify their cementation, filling, different periods’ growth, and aeolotropism. Based on these analysis data, authors inferred the shale diagenetic evolution is at the diagenetic B period, the mineral bitumen mass and solid bitumen macerals organic matters are contributed to the shale gas mainly, and by calculating the plane porosity by MATLAB, the fractal dimension is about 2.57. Pores diameters of these samples range from 1-55nm, and the maximum is 4nm. Most pores are around medium pores. In summary, shale gas migrates obeying non-Darcy flow along pores/fracture several nanometers, and gas migration affected by organic matter mainly in Wufeng-Longmaxi formation in Southeast Sichuan basin, China.

Zonal flows in rotating systems have been previously shown to be suppressed by the imposition of a background magnetic field aligned with the direction of rotation. Understanding the physics behind the suppression may be important in systems found in astrophysical fluid dynamics, such as stellar interiors. However, the mechanism of suppression has not yet been explained. In the idealized setting of a magnetized beta plane, we provide a theoretical explanation that shows how magnetic fluctuations directly counteract the growth of weak zonal flows. Two distinct calculations yield consistent conclusions. The first, which is simpler and more physically transparent, extends the Kelvin-Orr shearing wave to include magnetic fields and shows that weak, long-wavelength shear flow organizes magnetic fluctuations to absorb energy from the mean flow. The second calculation, based on the quasilinear, statistical CE2 framework, is valid for arbitrary wavelength zonal flow and predicts a self-consistent growth rate of the zonal flow. We find that a background magnetic field suppresses zonal flow if the bare Alfvén frequency is comparable to or larger than the bare Rossby frequency. However, suppression can occur for even smaller magnetic field if the resistivity is sufficiently small enough to allow sizable magnetic fluctuations. Our calculations reproduce the η/B0^2 = const. scaling that describes the boundary of zonation, as found in previous work, and we explicitly link this scaling to the amplitude of magnetic fluctuations. These results could provide a plausible explanation for why the zonal jets in Jupiter go as deep as Juno has discovered but not any deeper.

The combination of strontium (87Sr/86Sr) and uranium (234U/238U) isotopes is an especially useful tool to track and quantify mixtures of water sources in arid wetlands, where chemistry and lighter isotopic tracers are strongly influenced by evaporation and transpiration. Those isotopes were used to understand modern water supply to the Pahranagat National Wildlife Refuge (PNWR) in southern Nevada (Paces & Wurster, 2014, J. Hydrol. 517). We investigate the possibility that this isotopic combination might also track paleohydrological changes in such settings. Here, we present Sr and U isotope data for authigenic carbonates in a sediment core spanning 5800 14C cal years from Lower Pahranagat Lake (LPAH), a shallow, alkaline lake within the PNWR. Modern surface waters in the PNWR are comprised of mixtures of discharge from two high volume springs from the regional carbonate aquifer in the northern valley, and smaller amounts of local discharge from the shallow volcanic aquifer in the southern valley. Modern surface water from LPAH has U isotopic values similar to the most recently formed LPAH carbonates; however, Sr isotopic values in LPAH surface water are somewhat lower than values in those same carbonates. Combined Sr and U isotope values in Holocene LPAH carbonates fall within the range defined by the three primary spring sources and reflect varying mixtures of those sources supplying LPAH from mid-Holocene to modern time. Values in the oldest samples (~5800 14C cal yr BP) have distinct 87Sr/86Sr and 234U/238U values that nearly match the local spring end member, suggesting that LPAH water at that time was dominated by proximal volcanic aquifer sources. By ~5300–5200 14C cal yr BP, LPAH water was comprised of a nearly equal mixture of the three spring sources, marking a dramatic shift in hydrologic conditions that allowed contributions of surface flow from distal carbonate springs to the north. Values in samples from ~1,000–3,000 14C cal yr BP indicate decreased contributions from distal carbonate springs during two drought intervals; however, by 730 14C cal yr BP, surface flow from carbonate springs had resumed. Our results indicate that combined Sr and U isotopes preserve evidence of past changes in water sources in arid wetlands useful for interpreting evolving hydrologic conditions.

Storm-time geomagnetic disturbances induce significant geoelectric fields within the Earth that can adversely affect the operation of electric power grids. The recently completed magnetotelluric survey supported by the NSF EarthScope program (2006-2018) has produced a large public archive of impedance tensors across much of the continental United States (US). In this work, the EarthScope tensors are convolved with long time series of geomagnetic field variation recorded at USGS observatories to obtain estimated time series of historical geoelectric fields. Integrating these geoelectric fields across power transmission lines results in time series of geomagnetically induced voltages on each power line. These voltages are analyzed statistically to construct hazard maps of the maximum voltages that could be realized in transmission lines across the US for an extreme, once in one hundred-year, geomagnetic storm. In combination with grounding resistance data and network topology, these voltage estimates can be utilized by power companies to estimate extreme geomagnetically-induced currents within their networks. These voltage estimates can provide information on which power lines and substations are most vulnerable to geomagnetic storms and can guide power companies in assessments of where to install additional protections within their grid.

Louisiana is undergoing rapid change from natural and anthropogenic forces, such as sea level rise, subsidence, and eutrophication. Sediment diversions on the lower Mississippi River are proposed as a large-scale restoration strategy to create new wetlands and sustain existing wetland areas in Barataria Basin, Louisiana. This will introduce a large volume of sediment and nutrient rich freshwater from the Mississippi River to the receiving basins. This will result in, at least, short term changes in light and nutrient dynamics and has potential to alter phytoplankton composition. In order to understand nitrogen dynamics in Barataria Basin due to large scale coastal restoration practices, the nitrogen budgets (including particulate and dissolved forms) were calculated from outputs of the Integrated Biophysical Model, which is based on the existing Delft3D model coupled with a water quality model (D-WAQ). Creating nitrogen budgets in estuarine systems allows for better understanding of the major sources, sinks, inputs and exports across the system, increasing understanding of the amount of nitrogen available to drive estuarine primary production. Quantification of nitrogen inputs, outputs and processes is essential because it is the limiting nutrient for most estuarine primary producers (e.g., phytoplankton and emergent macrophytes). Preliminary model results for the existing conditions suggest that the dissolved inorganic nitrogen in the estuarine waters is mainly derived from diffusional sediment fluxes and mineralization of particulate organic nitrogen. Most of the dissolved inorganic nitrogen was assimilated for phytoplankton growth. A relatively small portion of dissolved inorganic nitrogen was removed from the system through denitrification in the water column. More particulate organic nitrogen originated from emergent macrophytes than from phytoplankton primary production. These model results will help better understand how proposed sediment diversions on the lower Mississippi River may change the future ecological conditions of estuarine open water in coastal Louisiana.

The key to reproducible data reduction and data processing in scientific research is the ability to faithfully record every step of the process in a reproducible format that is transparent and easy to communicate. This is not an easy task. Most of the time in experimental research that is not primarily computational in nature, it falls victim to the enormous effort required to design experiments well, run complex analytical procedures rigorously and efficiently, and interpret the results in the proper geologic, geochemical or biological context, with little time left to invest in documenting and constructing a reproducible data reduction workflow. While this is understandable, it introduces a high risk for error, makes it extremely difficult to share and discuss one’s approach or review others’, reproduce the calculations at a later point or even just revisit what was done conceptually. Part of the problem lies inherently with most data processing being difficult to document, part of black box process where the inner workings are inaccessible, or simply too divorced from the narrative of the scientific work it represents. One important obstacle that interferes frequently with attempts to remedy this situation in the stable isotope community is the lack of many basic computational and data access tools that enable the kinds of calculations and data processing isotope geochemists need to do on a day to day basis. Here, we introduce a new suite of software packages that provide efficient and transparent access to raw stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) data formats and enable reproducible data processing straight from raw analytical output through data reduction, quality control, visualization and data reporting that retains the necessary flexibility required for the enormous breadth of analytical goals in the stable isotope community. Presented tools will cover aspects of functionality provided by the isoreader (isoreader.kopflab.org), isoviewer (isoviewer.kopflab.org) and isoprocessor (isoprocessor.kopflab.org) software packages and are 100% open-source and freely available to everyone in the geochemical community and beyond.

The Mekong river is one of the most complex river systems in the world that is shared by six nations in Southeast Asia. The river still remains relatively undammed (most existing dams are in the tributaries and are small), and its hydrology today is dominated by large natural flow variations that support the highly productive agricultural and riverine ecological systems; however, this is changing due to the alterations in land use and construction of new dams both in the tributaries the mainstream. Understanding the changes in surface water dynamics is therefore crucial to provide realistic future predictions of changes in downstream floodplain and riverine ecology due to the construction of dams in the upstream. While the existing dams have caused little impact on mainstream flows, those under construction and planned are likely to cause severe and potentially permanent damage to downstream hydro-agro-ecological systems, and adversely impact the livelihood of millions. Here, using hydrodynamic model simulations (CaMa-Flood), we show that the effects of flow regulation on downstream river-floodplain dynamics are relatively predictable along the mainstream Mekong, but flow regulations could potentially disrupt the flood dynamics in the Tonle Sap River (TSR) and small distributaries in the Mekong Delta. Results suggest that TSR flow reversal could cease if the Mekong flood pulse is dampened by 50% and delayed by one-month. While flood occurrence in the vicinity of the Tonle Sap Lake and middle reach of the delta could increase due to enhanced low flow, it could decrease by up to five months in other areas due to dampened high flow, particularly during dry years. Further, areas flooded for less than five months and over six months are likely to be impacted significantly by flow regulations, but those flooded for 5-6 months could be impacted the least.

Azimuthal anisotropy quantified by teleseismic SKS, SKKS, PKS (“XKS”) and Local S wave splitting parameters is used to investigate mantle deformation and flow beneath the boundary of the North American and Caribbean plates and adjacent areas. A total of 2556 XKS and 299 pairs of local S wave splitting parameters were obtained at 23 stations. The observations can be divided into two groups based on the spatial distribution of the resulting fast polarization orientations. Those observed on the Caribbean Plate are mostly WNW-ESE which are mostly trench-parallel. In contrast, the fast orientations observed on the North American Plate are dominantly NNE-SSW which are approximately trench-orthogonal and are consistent with those previously observed in southern Mexico to the north of the area of the current study. At most of the stations at which XKS and local S wave splitting parameters are available, the splitting parameters from the two types of shear waves are comparable, suggesting that the observed azimuthal anisotropy is mostly from the mantle wedge above the slab. The observations especially those obtained at recently deployed stations in Guatemala provide new insights into the complicated mantle flow system associated with slab subduction and rollback, as well as lithospheric shearing along the southern boundary of the North American Plate.

Burn severity influences various biophysical and biogeochemical processes, and it is projected to increase in the coming decades across high-latitude ecosystems. However, the impact of burn severity on thermokarst (e.g., land subsidence after ground ice melting) is not well understood. We used time-series image analysis to assess the effects of burn severity and ground ice content on thermokarst processes in the Noatak National Preserve, northwestern Alaska. To extend the temporal depth for illustrating fire-thermokarst linkages, we evaluated eight existing fire indices derived from visible and near-infrared (380-1100 nm) spectral bands and developed burn severity maps of historical fires using Landsat MSS sensors (operation between 1972-1992). Our results reveal that tundra fire is a significant factor in creating thermokarst landforms (p<0.01), and that the magnitude of thermokarst varies with burn severity levels and ground ice content (p<0.05). An abrupt increase in thermokarst occurred one year after fire but the rate of thermokarst decreased after three years. The area of thermokarst three years after fire was highest in high-severity burns (385 ± 47 m2 thermokarst area/ha burned area), followed by moderate- (255 ± 32 m2/ha) and low-severity (201 ± 42 m2/ha) burns. Ground ice content interacted with burn severity to affect thermokarst; the area of thermokarst was twice as large in landscapes with high ground ice (356 ± 67 m2/ha) as in landscapes of low ground ice (167 ± 39 m2/ha) three years after fire. Among the eight fire indices, the Global Environmental Monitoring Index (GEMI) demonstrates the strongest correlation with field-based estimates (R2 = 0.8). Burn-severity maps reconstructed with GEMI reveal that over a 40-year study period, thermokarst expansion occurred more rapidly in high-severe burns than in low-severity or unburned areas. Our results suggest that the projected increase in burn severity may result in abrupt and long-lasting permafrost degradation in tundra ecosystems with potential consequences on Arctic carbon stocks.

The use of stable isotopic tracer methods is becoming a popular approach for in situ evapotranspiration (ET) partitioning studies at the ecosystem scale. Ecosystem evapotranspiration is usually partitioned based on different isotopic composition among the aggregated ET flux (δET) and its two components: physical evaporation process (δE) and biological transpiration process (δT). Uncertainties in calculating these three isotopic compositions, especially δET, are usually not negligible and could propagated to large uncertainty in the ET partitioning outcomes. In this study, we present a new ET partitioning approach utilizing dual isotope-based evapotranspiration partitioning based on d-excess (d-excess = δ2H - 8 × δ18O) . A field deployable laser absorption spectrometer was used for in situ measurements of isotopic composition (δ2H and δ18O) of atmospheric water vapor at different heights within the turbulently mixing ecosystem boundary layer for tallgrass prairie. This study incorporated a new refinement to the Craig-Gordon model to describe δE. During non-growing season, estimates of δET—based on Keeling plot and flux-gradient approaches—were compared against δE values derived by the Craig-Gordon model, under the assumption of no transpiration and thus the equality between δET and δE. During the growing season, coupled with isotopic sampling in plant and soils, we partitioned ET into transpiration and evaporation. This refined dual isotope-based approach of ET partitioning shows promise in reducing the uncertainties of the fractional contributions of evaporation and transpiration, thus enhance our understanding on the mechanisms underlying plant water use efficiency and the role of vegetation ecophysiological processes in eco-hydrologic processes under the changing environment.

Current General Circulation Models (GCMs) are struggling to capture the observed diurnal cycle of precipitation. One major problem is that GCMs usually have difficulties to simulate nocturnal deep convections. Nocturnal deep convections are usually decoupled with the land surface and are controlled by other factors aloft, which have not been fully understood. The Plains Elevated Convection at Night (PECAN) is a multi-institutional collaborated field experiment conducted at the central Great Plains during summertime (1 June to 15 July) 2015 on the purpose of improving the understanding and simulation of the processes that initial and maintain deep convections at night. During the 45-day PECAN period there are 31 intensive operational periods (IOP) of nighttime deep convections, each last for one night. The unique part of PECAN experiment is the use of 6 fixed and 4 mobile PECAN Integrated Sounding Arrays (PISA) to take detailed measurements for each IOP. These detailed measurements of thermodynamics, wind and water vapor profiles in high temporal resolution (typically 90-min) allow the observation of the evolution of boundary layer and propagating features. We will report results from the analysis of these PISAs using a constrained variational analysis method to understand the large-scale environment that control the nighttime deep convections at the central Great Plains.

The ice sheet-ocean modeling community is making large strides toward developing coupled models capable of examining the interactions and feedbacks between ice shelves and ocean along the Antarctic margin. We present preliminary results and address some of the challenges that have arisen during the development of a coupled ice sheet-ocean model. The ice sheet model is icepack, a shallow-shelf finite element model written in Python. The ocean model is the Regional Ocean Modelling System (ROMS), a terrain-following vertical (sigma) coordinate model that has been modified to interface with a moving ice shelf. These two models are coupled in an online configuration using the Framework for Ice Sheet Ocean Coupling (FISOC). The use of a model with sigma coordinates for the ocean component introduces a simplification and a complication to modeling a moving ice draft. The sigma coordinate system retains the same number of vertical layers at any depth, eliminating the need to convert grid cells between ice and water, when using a fixed grounding line configuration. However, as the ice shelf draft evolves in time, topographic configurations develop that induce pressure gradient errors in ROMS. We quantify these errors in an idealized set-up with an artificially changing ice draft following the ISOMIP+ geometry. We compare results between an ice draft that is smoothed to meet standard ROMS smoothing criteria (rx0, rx1) and a non-smoothed ice draft. Finally, we present a simple parameterization in a buffer zone near the grounding line that uses interpolated melt rates from the ocean model, allowing us to maintain a steep ice topography in the ice model without inducing pressure gradient errors in the short water column in the ocean model. This model configuration will be applied to Pine Island Glacier and used to examine present and possible future states of the ice sheet-ocean system.

Propagation of electromagnetic (EM) waves from radar and communication devices at sea can be significantly affected by the low-altitude atmospheric refractive conditions. Characterizing the spatial and temporal variability of refractivity is thus crucial to many important Navy and civilian applications. Surface layer models based on Monin-Obukhov Similarity Theory (MOST), such as the Navy Atmospheric Vertical Surface Layer Model (NAVSLaM), can be used to estimate the vertical refractive structure of the evaporation duct (ED) from measured or forecasted environmental parameters, assuming a horizontally-homogeneous stratified atmosphere. As air and sea surface temperature are two critical inputs to NAVSLaM, the rapid variation in sea surface temperature (SST) and air-sea temperature difference in the Gulf Stream region provides a relatively controlled environment for investigating the utility of NAVSLaM under inhomogeneous ducting conditions. In this paper, EM propagation in the ED over the Gulf Stream is investigated using measured data from the Coupled Air-Sea Processes and Electromagnetic-ducting Research (CASPER) East Coast experiment conducted off the coast of Duck, NC, during October-November of 2015. Measurements of the one-way propagation loss between a transmitter and receiving array as a function of the range were performed during ship crossings of the Gulf Stream. Concurrent and co-located meteorological and oceanographic measurements were also collected within the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL), including air temperature, SST, relative humidity, air pressure and wind speed to be used as inputs to NAVSLaM. The environmental conditions in the region of the Gulf Stream are used to model the low-altitude refractivity profiles as a function of height and range, which are input into the Advanced Propagation Model (APM) for predicting the EM propagation. Of particular focus is the effect of the rapid change in SST across the boundary between the warmer Gulf Stream and the colder surrounding ocean. EM measurements are compared with the simulated propagation loss based on the range-dependent refractivity profile predicted from NAVSLaM, as well as a best-fit Paulus-Jeske ED model. Both stable and unstable conditions encountered during the CASPER East experiment are investigated.

The aim of this study is two-fold: (1) measure solid Earth diurnal and semi-diurnal tidal constituents using non-parametric signal analysis, and (2) calculate the time delay of the Earth’s solid tidal response between two land-based geographic locations. For these goals, high-precision tidal signals were collected from borehole strainmeters at Plate Boundary Observatory (PBO) stations in Yellowstone, WY, USA and Sequim, WA, USA. Signals from synchronized microstrain time series sampled at 10 minute intervals from 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2015 were evaluated with power spectra and harmonic analysis with statistical F-testing. The phasing of the Earth’s tidal response for the two stations was also estimated with a solid Earth tidal model. Differences between the observed and modeled phases are investigated.

Tides are critical to coastal and oceanic processes. While tidal data are available readily, they are often corrupted by various sources of error. An automated, fast MATLAB toolbox is developed to clean-up tidal timeseries data from estuarine and oceanic locations corrupted by errors. This toolbox will immensely speed up delivery of quality-controlled tidal data. It will also reduce errors in quality control, which typically involves several manual tasks. The toolbox corrects poorly interpolated and noisy data, erroneous outliers, and instrumentation bias such as spurious jumps, drifts, spikes, and modulations in the true signal. Signal clean-up involves multiple stages. First, thresholds are imposed on higher order temporal derivatives of the signal to remove gross interpolations and noise saturated signal chunks, followed by a moving median threshold to remove outliers. Then the surviving signal is filtered into tidal, subtidal and long-period components, and the long-period component is subject to a maximal overlap discrete wavelet transformation, in which the transform coefficients corresponding to multi-scale edge features are removed. Subsequently, local information in the subtidal and tidal components is compared relative to the whole signal to correct spurious amplitude modulations and sudden biases. Consequently, these components are added to recover the uncorrupted signal, and large data gaps are filled with short term harmonic reconstruction. For estuarine locations, the correlation in the spectrogram between two nearby stations is initially used to quantify and remove river influence in the signal. Applications to datasets at multiple global locations demonstrate the value of the toolbox.

The variability of the middle atmosphere is driven by a variety of atmospheric waves covering various spatial and temporal scales. In particular, the northern winter mesosphere/ lower thermosphere at mid- and polar-latitudes shows a huge variability related to planetary waves, which can disturb the polar vortex leading to large scale coupling effects like sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) altering the vertical propagation conditions of tides and gravity waves. Here we are going to investigate and diagnose the short time variability of tides (several days) at the MLT using ground-based observations at mid and polar latitudes and data from NAVGEM-HA for selected periods. NAVGEM-HA provides information about the global structure of the zonal mean zonal and meridional wind and the zonal mean temperature as well as the tides. At mid- and high-latitudes the semi-diurnal tide (SW1 and SW2) is the dominating tidal wave during the winter season, which is also seen in meteor radar and lidar climatologies. Further, we analyze local meteor radar and lidar observations at Andenes (polar-latitude) and Juliusruh (mid-latitude) to diagnose the local amplitude and phase variability due to changes in the background mean winds caused by planetary waves and SSWs. We will show that the tidal phase (in UT) can drift significantly within several days and weeks. These local measurements are also compared to NAVGEM-HA applying the same diagnostic as to the observations. In addition to the winter time observations, we will also show results for the phase propagation of tides from summer periods.

Index Terms: 1622: Earth system modeling; 1630: Land/atmosphere interactions; 1800: Hydrology; 1836 Hydrological cycles and budgets; 1840 Hydrometeorology; 1855: Remote sensing; 1996 Web Services; 4305: Space weather; 6334: Regional Planning This work addresses a key objective of SERVIR-Mekong Project related to integrating geospatial information in government decision-making, planning, and communication for societal good. The SERVIR-Mekong is a partnership between the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) and the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Agency (NASA) formed to help regional organizations in the Lower Mekong Region to use information provided by Earth observing satellites and geospatial technologies in managing climate risks. Our work integrated multiple satellite-based earth observation systems, in-situ station data and spatial data with the Soil & Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) hydrologic model employed in the Mekong River Basin region to develop a Lower Mekong River Basin region’s hydrological decision support system. Simulated hydrological fluxes of streamflow, soil moisture, and evapotranspiration at the Lower Mekong River Basin were presented utilizing our developed hydrological decision support system. Our work results have been presented via multiple Tethys platforms, Tethys is an easily customizable platform that hosts web applications, that facilitate accessing NASA satellite-based earth observation systems as well as the Lower Mekong River Basin region’s hydrological decision support system. Earth observations data has provided solutions to assist people in the Lower Mekong River Basin to overcome various obstacles experienced in enhancing hydrological decisions that are related to difficult access and incompleteness, inconsistency, scarcity, as well as poor spatial representation of in situ data products.