The Mw 7.2 Sarez strike-slip earthquake occurred on Dec 7, 2015 in the Pamir region at the North-West of the Tibetan Plateau. We used Sentinel-1A/B Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) data to investigate postseismic deformation due to the Mw 7.2 Sarez earthquake. We analyzed 2.5 years of post-earthquake acquisitions from the ascending track 100 and the descending track 005. Despite challenging surface conditions (that include rugged topography and snow cover), we were able to derive time series of line of sight (LOS) displacements within 150 km from the earthquake rupture. We used stacks of interferograms covering snow-free months, as well as persistent scatterers to detect possible deformation transients. Preliminary results indicate no postseismic relaxation signals above the noise level (10-20 mm/yr for average LOS velocities). We do observe coseismic deformation due to two M>6 earthquakes that occurred ~100 km to the North-East from the epicenter of the Sarez earthquake. We use constraints on the maximum amplitude of surface displacements provided by the InSAR data to provide bounds on the effective rheologic structure of the lower crust and upper mantle beneath Pamir.

WindNinja is a high-resolution diagnostic wind model developed for use by operational wildland fire management. The original version of WindNinja employed a numerical solver to enforce conservation of mass (COM). Because the COM solver is fast-running, requires little technical experience to run, and predicts ridgetop speed up and channeling effects well, it is widely used by the operational fire community. The COM solver has limitations, however, in regions where momentum effects dominate the flow, such as in regions of flow separation, which can occur on the lee-side of terrain obstacles. Recently, a second solver has been incorporated into WindNinja which enforces conservation of mass and momentum using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques based on the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations. In this work we compare simulations from the CFD solver to measurements made during three field campaigns (Askervein Hill, Bolund Hill, and Big Southern Butte) as well as to simulations from the COM solver and an LES model. Evaluations focus on near-surface winds during high-wind periods, which are of particular interest to wildland fire managers.

In 1988, the Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services (CO-OPS), an office of NOAA’s National Ocean Service, began to record continuous 6-minute water temperature data with thermistors at the coastal stations of the National Water Level Observation Network. Today, 140 of the stations have accumulated at least 15 years of archived data. We performed extensive quality control of the daily-averaged water temperatures by excluding periods of suspect data revealed through inter-station comparison. All quality-controlled series have 15-25 years of daily means that, when aggregated, produce an average seasonal cycle for 365 days of the year. Residual temperature series obtained after subtracting the average seasonal cycle from the daily mean temperature depict the inter-annual variations. A threshold for defining an extreme residual water temperature was selected to highlight periods of anomalously warm or cold coastal water conditions. This type of climate information should prove valuable to users in the fields of ecology and fisheries management for quantifying anomalous temperature effects on coastal ecosystems (such as fisheries, corals, sea grasses, harmful algal blooms, etc). Knowledge of average seasonal water temperature cycles are also useful for validating coastal hydrodynamic models. Extended periods from weeks to months of high or low coastal sea levels can be correlated with coastal water temperature anomalies.

We present an interdisciplinary study of observations of pre-earthquake processes associated with major earthquakes based on integrating space and ground- data. Recent large magnitude earthquakes in Asia and Europe have emphasized the various observations of multiple types of pre-earthquake signals recorded either on the ground or from space. Four physical parameters were measured from ground and satellite and used in our simulation models: 1) Ground Radon variation; 2) Outgoing Long-Wavelength Radiation (OLR) obtained from NPOES, NASA/AQUA) on top of the atmosphere (TOA); 3) Atmospheric Chemical Potential (ACP) obtained from NASA assimilation models and; 4) electron density variations in the ionosphere via GPS Total Electron Content (GPS/TEC). For this analysis we selected six large earthquakes from the last decade with differing geographic and seismo-tectonics regions: (1) M9.3, Off the West Coast of Northern Sumatra, Dec 26, 2004; (2) M9.0 Great Tohoku Earthquake, Japan, March 11, 2011; (3) and (4) M7.8 and M7.3 Gorkha, Nepal, 2015; (5); M8.2 Tehuantepec, Mexico, September 8, 2017 and; (6) M7.1, Puebla central Mexico earthquakes, September 19, 2017. Our preliminary results indicate an enhancements of radon (about a week to ten days prior) coincident (with some delay) with an increase in the atmospheric chemical potential measured near the epicenter from both satellite and subsequently with an increase of outgoing infrared radiation (OLR) observed on the TOA from NOAA/NASA (a week in advance). Finally GPS/TEC data indicate an increase of electron concentration 1-4 days before the earthquakes. Although the radon variations and some of satellite OLR anomalies were observed far (>2000km) from the epicenter areas the anomalies were always inside the estimates of the Dobrovolsky-Bowman area of preparation. We examined the possible correlation between magnitude and the spatial size of earthquake preparation zone in the framework of the Lithosphere –Atmosphere -Ionosphere Coupling hypothesis. The reliable detection of pre-earthquake signals for both sea and land earthquakes was possible only by integrating satellite and ground observations. A detail summary of our approach to this study of pre-earthquake research has just been published as AGU/Wiley Geophysical Monograph Series No. 234.

Relationships between climate variability and climate sensitivity are to be expected where the damping of a climatic anomaly is due to a change in the energy balance of the planet, such that the Fluctuation-Dissipation theorem heuristically applies [Leith, 1975]. A recent attempt to relate Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity (ECS) to global temperature variability over the historical period suggested a surprisingly tight emergent constraint on ECS [Cox et al., 2018]. However, the sensitivity-variability relationship in that study was partially hidden by anthropogenic forcing over the historical period. Here we examine instead CMIP5 control runs. These runs have no external forcing and therefore provide a much cleaner test of proposed links between internal variability and sensitivity. It has been noted before that there is a positive correlation between decadal temperature variability and climate sensitivity across climate models [Colman & Power, 2018]. Questions remained however as to how robust this relationship is across different model ensembles, what mechanisms are responsible for it, and whether it can be used as an emergent constraint on climate sensitivity. We examine the relationship between decadal variability and ECS using models of varying complexity, including CMIP5 control runs and a range of conceptual energy balance models for which analytical solutions are presented. Based on these results, a general mechanism becomes apparent and the shape of the relationship is determined to be more quadratic than linear. The nonlinearity has implications for using this relationship as an emergent constraint, where an incorrect assumption of linearity might lead to biased estimates. A further surprising implication of the study is that a slowdown in global warming does not necessarily imply that climate sensitivity is lower than previously estimated. Models with a higher sensitivity, but which broadly reproduce the long-term record of global warming, are actually more likely to have slow-down periods than models with lower sensitivity.

Fracture dissolution in carbonate rocks is of great interest for the applications of CO2 geological storage and formation of conduits and caves in karst reservoirs. Taking into account the fracture roughness and interporosity fluid exchange between the fracture and the porous host rock, the classical cubic law for parallel-plate channels or Poiseuille's flow for tubes cannot describe the flow within the fracture's opening. The Reynolds number increases along the fracture as a result of the influx crossing the fracture walls. The wavy, irregular, nonparallel-plate shape of the boundaries affects the overall flow regime and the average flow model. The velocity field on the fracture boundaries possesses a slip and a normal component. The nonzero fluid velocity maintains the concentration gradient near the porous host rock and provides a fresh source of the solvent that facilitates dissolution. The aim of this work is to point out the role of fracture roughness and the influx of fluid from the porous host rock on fracture dissolution. The effective model of flow in a single fracture with permeable wavy walls is coupled to transport of dissolved calcite. The asymptotic solutions of the steady-state Navier-Stokes equations with slip boundary condition are used to determine the velocity field in the fracture opening. Two cases of axisymmetric and parallel-plate wavy fractures are considered. The inflow through the walls increases the Reynolds number along the fracture and results in local flow instabilities and formation of reverse flow. The local instabilities arise in relatively higher Reynolds numbers in parallel-plate wavy fractures than in cylindrical wavy fractures. The averaged pressure drop along the fracture is represented as quadratic and cubic corrections to the linear law. The corrections result from the effect of the inflow through the walls and the irregular geometry of channel. Asymptotic solutions to the reactive transport of the dissolved calcite in the acidified brine are derived for rate-limited reactions with a low Damkohler number and high Peclet number. The role of the fracture's walls corrugations, fractures aspect ratio, porous host rock permeability, and the interporosity fluid exchange between the fracture and host rock on the fracture dissolution is investigated.

Preventing leakage of CO2 along wellbore cement sheaths is a key factor for ensuring success of geologic carbon storage (GCS) operations. Here, we examine a potential alternative cementing material, engineered cementitious composites (ECC), for use in GCS wellbore cementing applications. ECC is a novel fiber-reinforced cementitious composite that exhibits strain hardening and improved tensile ductility in comparison to conventional cement. Improved ductility may prevent wellbore damage caused by CO2 injection pressures and casing expansion/contraction associated with thermal swings. Earlier work examining physical alterations of ECC exposed to CO2 at 10 MPa and 50°C found that damage to ECC was limited to microcracks with apertures less than 60 µm after several weeks of reaction. However, microstructural analysis revealed densification of the fiber/matrix interphase due to calcite precipitation, which could alter the engineered bonding properties between the matrix and fibers. Such alteration following carbonation could negatively impact the long-term ductility of ECC used for GCS wellbore cementing applications. This presentation will discuss recent results from static batch studies investigating the impact of CO2-acidified water on tensile ductility of ECC. Several ECC and ordinary Portland cement (OPC) coupons were exposed to CO2-saturated water under temperature and pressure conditions of 50oC and 10 MPa, respectively, and samples were retrieved after 2, 7, 14, and 28 days. Four-point flexural test and micro-CT analysis were carried out to investigate the impact of carbonation on the ductility and microstructural properties of ECC. Replicate experiments were also conducted under the same conditions but with a N2 headspace to isolate impacts associated with CO­2 exposure. While the samples exposed to N2 continued to exhibit a multiple microcracking behavior with no observable change in tensile ductility, the ductility of the composite exposed to CO2-acidified water showed an increase in the ultimate flexural strength and significant decrease in ductility as the duration of reaction increased. OPC coupons exhibited brittle behaviors under all test conditions. This suggests that the densification of the fiber matrix interface after exposure to CO2 can compromise ECC’s overall ductility.

Harmful algal blooms (HAB; Karenia brevis) occurrences have been reported from the coastal waters of Charlotte County in southwest Florida. We developed multivariate regression models that relate reported (January 2010 to October 2017) bloom occurrences to observations extracted from archival remote sensing data (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer [MODIS]) to accomplish the following: (1) identify factors controlling HAB propagation, (2) predict algal bloom distribution (same day, and 1, 2, and 3 days in advance), and (3) develop fully automated system for data distribution via a web-based GIS platform. These tasks were accomplished through three main steps: (1) automatic downloading and processing of daily MODIS products using SeaDAS software to extract relevant remote sensing variables (euphotic depth, wind direction, ocean chlorophyll three-band algorithm for MODIS [Chlorophyll a OC3M], wind speed, chlorophyll a Generalized Inherent Optical Property [GIOP], Fluorescence Line Height [Flh], diffused attenuation coefficient for downwelling irradiance at 490 nanometer [Kd_490], chlorophyll a Garver-Siegel- Maritorena [GSM], Turbidity index, Particulate backscattering coefficient at 547 nm [bbp_547_giop] and sea surface temperature [SST]), (2) development and calibration of multivariate regression models using relevant remote sensing and static variable (distance from river mouth, bathymetry) inputs for same day mapping and forecasting of HAB occurrences, and (3) automated posting of model outputs on a web-based GIS (http://mgs.geology.wmich.edu/bloom/). Findings include: (1) the variables most indicative of the timing of bloom propagation are bathymetry, euphotic depth, wind direction, sea surface temperature [SST], chlorophyll a [OC3M] and distance from the river mouth, and (2) the model predictions were successful at 90% for same day mapping and 65%, 72% and 71% for the one, two and three days in advance predictions, respectively.

Continuous evolution of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) provides the opportunity of using observations from multi-GNSS constellations for geodetic applications. It is a well-known fact that the use of multi-GNSS observations improves the robustness and reliability of the position estimates while providing enhanced spatial coverage due to increased number of available satellites. The combined use of the ground-based observations from GPS and GLONASS, for example, significantly adds to the coverage in both azimuth and elevation of the ground-based stations. The aim of this study is, firstly, to assess the geographical variations in the improvement (of position estimates) offered by the use of multi-GNSS observations, and secondly, to assess implications of multi-GNSS position estimates for improvements and robustness of the terrestrial reference frame. A GPS-only double-differenced positioning solution for a global network of stations will be used as a reference in this study. Furthermore, two precise point positioning (PPP) solutions i.e. one with GPS-only and one with GPS+GLONASS observations, will be computed and compared to the reference solution. To study the geographical variation, the differences between the simulated and reference North/East/Up components will be analyzed as a function of latitude. Eventually, the various positioning solutions will be analyzed in terms of their application in terrestrial reference frame definition.

Groundwater resources of the Southern High Plains/Ogallala Aquifer in Texas and New Mexico are being depleted due to groundwater mining for irrigation. Inevitably, resource depletion leads to calls for water conservation in agriculture. Conservation can take two forms: a reduction in irrigation depth, and a reduction in irrigated area, which in economics are termed the “intensive margin” and “extensive margin” of agricultural water use. In the Southern High Plains, we find different effects on water table elevation arising from these two approaches. This research presents a coupled model of landscape and groundwater hydrology. Model results indicate that a 50% reduction in irrigation water application would limit loss in irrigable area to about 1% of existing irrigable land per year. This is approximately half the rate of depletion from a ‘business as usual’ scenario. Relative benefits of each conservation approach varied: areas with a high density of irrigated land experienced greater benefits from a reduction in irrigation depth, whereas reducing irrigated acreage maintained water tables more in areas with a low density of irrigated land. This project demonstrates that strategies for irrigation water management can support conservation goals. However, model results also demonstrated that even a 50% reduction in irrigation water use –which would be politically and economically unfeasible in Texas and New Mexico – would still result in overall depletion of the regional aquifer.

According to the concept of the seismic cycle, earthquakes result from the strain accumulation over a variable decade to millennial period, i.e., the interseismic stage, followed by a sudden stress release, i.e., the coseismic stage, eventually evolving in the postseismic stage. Common analytical and numerical approaches simulate interseismic, coseismic and postseismic stages independently. Often, coseismic models constrain the slip of single or multiple planar sources to fit the available geodetic and InSAR measurements to reproduce fault geometry, slip and regional deformation, regardless the origin of the interseismic forces. We developed a numerical model linking the ongoing interseismic viscous deformation at depth with the coseismic brittle episodic behavior of the upper crust. Our model assumes a brittle upper crust where the fault is locked, and a ductile lower crust, where the fault is steadily shearing. This approach is developed to model typical extensional and compressional earthquakes in Italy including the forces acting during the interseismic period, i.e., the lithostatic load and the horizontal stress field. We adjusted the setup of our model to simulate the interseismic, coseismic and postseismic phases of three seismic events in Italy, two extensional (2009 L’Aquila Mw 6.1 and 2016 Amatrice-Norcia Mw 6.5) and one contractional (2012 Emilia Mw 6). The results of our analysis, compared with the available geodetic and InSAR data, show that the proposed numerical model can reproduce the seismic cycle associated with the investigated events. The modeling provides evidence of interseismic dilatancy above the brittle-ductile transition at the bottom of the locked fault plane in the extensional tectonic setting; coseismic fault motion is triggered by the hangingwall gravitational collapse that recovers most of the interseismic dilatancy formed almost orthogonal to the fault. Vice versa, in contractional tectonic settings, the interseismic horizontal stress accumulates elastic energy in the crustal volume above the bottom of the locked fault; coseismic deformation recovers the elastic energy stored in the hangingwall. The two different settings generate a deformation in favor of gravity in extensional tectonic environments and against gravity in contractional tectonic environments.

We perform numerical simulations of the TRAPPIST-1 system of seven exoplanets orbiting a nearby M dwarf, starting with a previously suggested stable configuration. The long-term stability of this configuration is confirmed, but the motion of planets is found to be chaotic. The eccentricity values are found to vary within finite ranges. The rates of tidal dissipation and tidal evolution of orbits are estimated, assuming an Earth-like rheology for the planets. We find that under this assumption, the planets b, d, and e were captured in the 3:2 or higher spin–orbit resonances during the initial spin-down, but slipped further down into the 1:1 resonance. Depending on its rheology, the innermost planet b may be captured in a stable pseudosynchronous rotation. Nonsynchronous rotation ensures higher levels of tidal dissipation and internal heating. The positive feedback between the viscosity and the dissipation rate—and the ensuing runaway heating—are terminated by a few self-regulation processes. When the temperature is high and the viscosity is low enough, the planet spontaneously leaves the 3:2 resonance. Further heating is stopped either by passing the peak dissipation or by the emergence of partial melt in the mantle. In the post-solidus state, the tidal dissipation is limited to the levels supported by the heat transfer efficiency. The tides on the host star are unlikely to have had a significant dynamical impact. The tides on the synchronized inner planets tend to reduce these planets’ orbital eccentricity, possibly contributing thereby to the system’s stability.

For youth with limited role models in the STEM fields, and restricted summer research opportunities resulting from a lack of financial resources and academic connections, the opportunity to participate in academically connected, community based science research programs can be incredibly empowering. Providing these opportunities is critically important but it takes purposeful work, persistent outreach and strong community networks. We note that while providing these opportunities is incredibly rewarding, but there is a lot of work both up front and ongoing. This work is itself rewarding when networks are humming and enthusiasm for involvement is high, but it can be challenging when ceilings are hit and walls seem to arise unexpectedly. “Early Engagement in Research: Broadening participation through engagement in authentic science research” builds a regional network of summer research experiences for high school students underrepresented in STEM, starting from a successful model that has provided high school summer field research opportunities for New York City youth for over a decade (Secondary School Field Research Program). The program is developed around regional partnerships between various combinations of academic institutions and research centers, community environmental and education centers, state cooperative extensions, high schools and school networks, state and local park systems and land management groups. Each location has a unique approach, but all include some similar attributes. Each tackles an authentic science research issue that affects the local community such as microbiology in the local streams and microplastics in the local bays and biology, and each includes peer and near peer mentoring for the students along with a scientist mentor. Encouraging professional development of each student is central to the program. Technical instruction includes the use of scientific instruments and equipment, data recording and interpretation. Professional discussions include how to successfully read and dissect a science journal article, how to create and present a science poster and most importantly how build a network for themselves in STEM, and how to help us work with them to support the diversity that is needed for all of science to be inclusive and ultimately meet the needs of our future.

Thousands of exoplanets have been discovered in last two decades, including a sample of rocky worlds in the habitable zones of their host stars. Assessing their habitability will rely on the observation and characterization of atmospheres of these distant worlds. Laboratory simulations can provide critical information for atmospheric observations of exoplanets. Thus, we conducted a series of laboratory experiments that simulated a broad range of atmospheres in cooler (<800 K), smaller (<0.3× Jupiter’s mass) exoplanets. We investigated three types of atmospheric metallicities, 100× solar (H2-dominated), 1,000× (H2O-dominated), and 10,000× (CO2-dominated) at three temperatures, 300, 400, and 600 K using the PHAZER (Planetary Haze Research) chamber at Johns Hopkins University (He et al. 2017) with one of two energy sources (AC glow plasma and UV photons). We find that all simulated atmospheres resulted in haze formation with both energy sources, but the production rates vary a lot with different conditions (He et al. 2018a, 2018b; Hörst et al. 2018). The resulting haze particles can affect the atmospheric and surface temperature of the exoplanets, and their potential habitability. We monitored the gas phase compositional changes with a quadrupole mass spectrometry during the experiments and characterized the resulted haze particles. We find that the organic molecules are produced in both gas and solid phases, which could provide a source of organic material to the surface for life to arise. We identified potential precursors (C2H2, HCN, CH2NH, HCHO, etc.) for haze formation, among which HCHO and HCN are also important prebiotic precursors for products of biological significance (sugars, amino acids, and nucleobases). The laboratory results increase our understanding the habitability of exoplanets and can help guide and interpret current and future atmospheric observations of exoplanets. Ref: He, C., Hörst, S. M., et al. 2017, APJL, 841, L31 He, C., Hörst, S. M., Lewis, N. K., et al. 2018, ApJL, 856, L3 He, C., Hörst, S. M., Lewis, N. K., et al. 2018, AJ, 156, 38 Hörst, S. M., He, C., Lewis, N. K., et al. 2018, Nat. Astron., 2, 303

Accurate and seamless coastal water level observations are crucial for monitoring climate change, mean sea level, and storm surge. Although the water level changes have been measured using local measurement instruments at coastal sites for centuries, the spatial distribution of these sites is typically limited to locations with infrastructure. For example, Alaska has significant gaps in the spatially varying tidal information so that more supports are needed for coastal mapping and storm surge preparedness. GNSS-Reflectometry (GNSS-R) is being investigated as tool for water level monitoring. By calculating the phase delay of the GNSS radio signals reflected by the water surface, the temporal variation of the water level can be observed. The advantage of this system is twofold: 1) It is non-contact and measures water levels as it is based on remote sensing technique. 2) resulting water level measurements are tied directly to a global reference frame that it significantly contributes to the consistent vertical datum. In this study, we processed data from three Continuously Operating Reference Stations in California (CACC), Louisiana (CALC), and Alaska (AT01), which are operated by NGS and UNAVCO. The resulting water levels were compared with observations from stations in the NOAA’s National Water Level Observation Network (NWLON). The CALC station was selected specifically for performance evaluation during hurricane Harvey. The GNSS-R results show a strong agreement with the published observations and datums from the NWLON stations. The peak storm surge induced by hurricane Harvey is clearly observed in the data from CALC. Tidal datums computed from CALC data are within 6cm of published. Data from the AT01, located in St. Michael Alaska, show tidal characteristics not represented in the published predictions, which are based on data collected between 1891 and 1899. The AC01 results are very encouraging considering the expected challenges due to limited GNSS observations and strong ionospheric activities in high latitudes. The results from this study show many promising applications for GNSS-R derived water levels, such as tidal datum determination, predictions and validation of vertical datum separation models.

We present preliminary results from an electrokinetic laboratory rock characterization approach, which uses electroosmosis and streaming potential to estimate permeability. The device has two modes. In its first mode it measures differential pressure across a sample while applying electric current or acoustic pressure, while in its second mode it measures voltage across the sample when applying electric current or acoustic pressure. The two modes result in estimates of the electrokinetic coupling coefficients, which can jointly be used to estimate the permeability of the sample. Our collaboration includes analytical and numerical approaches simulating aspects of the experiments being carried out in the laboratory at Sandia. Sandia National Laboratories is a multimission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology & Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA0003525.

We couple short-term (i.e. the co-seismic) and long-term (i.e. the inter-seismic) phase of an earthquake, in order to investigate how induced static stress changes during the co-seismic phase of an earthquake cycle influence the dynamics of strain accumulation during the inter-seismic phase. We perform dynamic rupture simulations on complex strike slip faults in 2D, incorporating off-fault plastic failure and strong dynamic weakening on the fault governed by the slip weakening law. Our strike slip fault has a self-similar fractal profile with RMS height taken from observational studies. Our dynamic rupture simulation results show that the stresses in the region surrounding the fault are highly complex and heterogeneous. This heterogeneity in stresses is mainly related to roughness of fault profile and at distances where fault roughness effects are not dominant, the stresses are mostly uniform. We extract these complex stresses together with the plastic deformation from the dynamic model and use them as the input to run the long-term tectonic model (LTM). This provides us insight into the dynamics of off-fault plastic deformation in the loading phase of an earthquake. Our LTM results show that most of the shear zones (i.e. new features e.g. fractures and faults) develop and grow at oblique angles to the main fault while considerable amount of damage keeps accumulating along the immediate sides of the fault profile. The development and growth of these new features occurs in the locations where geometrical bends in the fault profile has caused the deformation in the dynamic phase to be localized. This localized deformation due to fault roughness acts as a seed for the development of new features. We conclude that the complex damage pattern in the fault damage zones (observed in observational studies) is mainly due to the fault surface roughness effects. During the co-seismic phase, the stresses concentrate near the fault bends due to rough fault profile. During the inter-seismic phase, these locations are favored for the development of new features during the inter-seismic phase the earthquake.

A newly developed physics-based earthquake simulation algorithm was applied to a seismogenic model in the Central Apennines Region. This model was derived from the last version of the Database of the Individual Seismogenic Sources (DISS), from which 54 seismogenic faults have been recognized. This simulator allowed the compilation of a synthetic seismic catalog lasting 100,000 years, and containing more than 300,000 events of 4.0