We have developed improved seismic hazard maps with the effect of local geology for the Washington, DC area. The input ground motion prediction equations, source model, and logic tree for the analysis is taken from the 2014 U.S. Geological Survey national seismic hazard model (Petersen et al., 2014). We have added an improved local geology model based on the overburden thickness map of Froelich (1976). As in our preliminary effort (Cramer et al., 2016) we use three shear-wave velocity profiles for Piedmont, Fall Line, and Coastal Plain regions (Olgun et al, 2015). We developed reference profiles from the three Olgun et al. profiles that extend to hard rock for site amplification relative to the rock conditions for the ground motion prediction equations. Our seismic hazard maps include both probabilistic (2% in 50 years) and scenario (M6.0 at Mineral, VA) maps. The local geology in the Washington DC area strongly amplifies higher frequency ground motions (peak ground acceleration, 0.2 s spectral acceleration) in keeping with the three site-specific profiles of Olgun et al. (2015) and the observations of Pratt et al. (2017). The soil response is driven by the 10 to 20 m thick low shear-wave velocity (200–300 m/s) top layers of the reference profiles. These low velocity layers are composed of residual soil and/or alluvium. The thicker Cretaceous Potomac Formation sediments, up to 600 m thick in the SE corner of the study area, have an effect on seismic hazard at 1.0 s and longer periods. The greatest effect on 1.0 s spectral acceleration seismic hazard is from the ~200 m thick sediments near the SE edge of Washington DC. Our maps have a resolution of 0.005 degree (500 m) and have some of the sub-km scale detailed geology variation in the Washington, DC area. These maps can serve as a guide to improving the understanding of seismic hazard and risk in the area and stimulate further work on a more detailed local geology model with higher resolution.

Before complex analysis of oceanographic or any earth science data can occur, it must be placed in the proper domain of computing and software resources. In the past this was nearly always the scientist’s personal computer or institutional computer servers. The problem with this approach is that it is necessary to bring the data products directly to these compute resources leading to large data transfers and storage requirements especially for high volume satellite or model datasets. In this presentation we will present a new technological solution under development and implementation at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory for conducting oceanographic and related research based on satellite data and other sources. Fundamentally, our approach for satellite resources is to tile (partition) the data inputs into cloud-optimized and computation friendly databases that allow distributed computing resources to perform on demand and server-side computation and data analytics. This technology, known as NEXUS, has already been implemented in several existing NASA data portals to support oceanographic, sea-level, and gravity data time series analysis with capabilities to output time-average maps, correlation maps, Hovmöller plots, climatological averages and more. A further extension of this technology will integrate ocean in situ observations, event-based data discovery (e.g., natural disasters), data quality screening and additional capabilities. This particular activity is an open source project known as the Apache Science Data Analytics Platform (SDAP) (https://sdap.apache.org), and colloquially as OceanWorks, and is funded by the NASA AIST program. It harmonizes data, tools and computational resources for the researcher allowing them to focus on research results and hypothesis testing, and not be concerned with security, data preparation and management. We will present a few oceanographic and interdisciplinary use cases demonstrating the capabilities for characterizing regional sea-level rise, sea surface temperature anomalies, and ocean hurricane responses.

The paper inspects the effects of a G2 class geomagnetic storm that occurred during 27 February- 1 March, 2014 on the equatorial ionization. This storm is observed following a Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) from a sunspot AR1967 on 26 February. An enhancement of solar wind speed is observed on 27 February, 2014 (483 km/sec). The maximum southward component of Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) is observed around 21 UT of 27 February (12 nT). This interconnects with Earth’s magnetic field and develops the main phase of a geomagnetic storm on the same day. The storm continues through 28 February and quiet-time ionospheric condition is recovered on 1 March. The effects of the storm on equatorial ionization is observed at Brasilia (15.95°S, 47.88°W geographic; 9.40°N, 21.13°E geomagnetic), Addis Ababa (9.04°N, 38.77°E geographic; 0.18°N, 110.47°E geomagnetic) and Colombo (6.89°N, 79.87°E geographic; 1.57°S, 151.57°E geomagnetic). An enhancement of TEC is observed during main phase of the geomagnetic storm at these stations. Increment in diurnal peak is observed on 28 February (14 TECU at 10 UT at Addis Ababa) while a decrement of diurnal peak TEC is observed during the recovery phase of the storm (15 TECU at 10 UT at Addis Ababa). Post-sunset ionospheric scintillation is inhibited at Brasilia on 28 February.

The Kairei and Yokoniwa hydrothermal fields are hosted in mafic as well as ultramafic rocks distributed at an off-axis volcanic knoll of the Central Indian Ridge. Despite intensive investigations, their geological and geophysical background is still debated. Here, we show results of near-seafloor magnetic field measurements using a submersible. We investigated crustal magnetization of the hydrothermally altered zone and surrounding lava flows, and evaluated their intensities compared to previously reported values at axial areas of a spreading environment. The Kairei hydrothermal field is characterized by low coherence between observed and modeled anomalies and low values of magnetization. This result suggests that magnetic minerals within basaltic lava flows were likely altered by hydrothermal fluid circulation. The variation pattern in the observed magnetic anomalies above the lava flows is in phase with that of modeled magnetic anomalies for a simple assumption with a magnetization direction parallel to the geomagnetic field. This result suggests that these lava flows preserve normal magnetic polarity corresponding to the Brunhes chron. The estimated magnetization intensity reaches 20 A/m in this area, which is clearly greater than that of the general off-axis crustal magnetization. This study provides new insight into the distribution of highly magnetized lava flows and indicates the distribution of recent off-axis volcanic activity, which is potentially linked to sub-seafloor hydrothermal circulation.

The Rochester and Adna 7.5 minute quadrangles in the Washington forearc of the Cascadia subduction zone encompass the Doty fault, a large forearc fault crossing the I-5 corridor south of Centralia. We have begun a cooperative geological and geophysical study of the area to assess the seismic hazard to a water retention facility that has been proposed to mitigate flooding along the Chehalis River and the I-5 corridor. This region between Olympia and Portland is undergoing north-south compression, clockwise rotation, and regional uplift associated with both subduction processes and the northward migration of the forearc block. Past studies identified multiple faults that strike NW-SE and E-W in the northern and southern parts of the study area, respectively. The Kopiah, Scammon Creek, Salzer Creek and Doty faults all interact within our study area, in ways that are poorly understood. An integrated geophysical investigation will assist the State-Federal cooperative mapping program called STATEMAP efforts to produce detailed 1:24,000 scale geologic maps of the area. Geophysical field work in the summer of 2018 includes a roughly 15 x 32 km gravity grid with ~2 km station spacing. Station spacing along known geologic structures is ~1 km to provide greater resolution. Results from our coarse gravity grid will provide targets for additional high resolution profiles. A high resolution ground magnetic grid also extends across both quadrangles, and preliminary results demonstrate its efficacy at elucidating structure. Seismic profiles acquired by the USGS across the Doty fault will constrain our geophysical modeling, which will combine the high resolution gravity and magnetic profiles in a geologic model of the subsurface to support the mapping efforts of the STATEMAP program. The data and models will provide insight about total offset across these faults, precisely identify locations of faults that are not exposed at the surface, and allow us to better understand the structure of these faults. These interpretations will allow us to more accurately understand the potential seismic risk these faults pose to nearby population centers and infrastructure.

Researcher Ridge (RR) is a 400km long, WNW-ESE oriented chain of volcanic seamounts, located on ~20 to 40 Ma old oceanic crust on the western flank of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) at ~15°N. RR remained nearly unstudied, and thus its age and origin are currently unclear. At roughly the same latitude, the MAR axis is bathymetrically elevated and produces geochemically enriched lavas (the well-known 14°N MAR anomaly). This study presents 40Ar/39Ar age data, major and trace elements, and Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf isotopic compositions of volcanic rocks dredged from several seamounts of the RR and along the MAR between 13-14°N. The results reveal that RR lavas have geochemically enriched ocean island basalt (OIB) compositions ([La/Sm]N=1.7-5.0, [Ce/Yb]N=1.58-11.3) with isotopic signatures (143Nd/144Nd = 0.51294-0.51316, 206Pb/204Pb = 19.14-19.93, 176Hf/177Hf = 0.28307-0.28312) trending to or overlapping the ubiquitous FOZO (Focal Zone, e.g., Hart et al., 1992, Science 256) mantle composition. Major and trace element characteristics denote that RR lavas formed by small degrees of melting from a deep source in the garnet stability field and experienced high pressure fractionation beneath a lithospheric lid. Although the sparseness of samples suitable for 40Ar/39Ar dating prevents establishing a clear age progression for the seamount chain, one well constrained basalt groundmass age of 28.75 ± 0.14 Ma (2σ) for one seamount near the western end of RR indicates that this volcano formed ~11 Ma later than the underlying lithosphere. Taken together, RR is interpreted as a hotspot track, albeit formed by a relatively weak melting anomaly. Compared to RR, the lavas from the 14° N MAR anomaly have slightly less enriched compositions, exhibiting enriched (E)-MORB compositions ([La/Sm]N=1.81-2.29). Their isotopic ratios largely overlap with the RR compositions, thus suggesting a genetic relationship. We therefore propose that the enigmatic 14°N MAR anomaly is caused by deflection of upwelling RR plume material towards the approaching (westward migrating) MAR, causing the production of E-MORBs with nearly similar isotopic compositions to the RR lavas. Once the plume was captured by the spreading ridge, off-axis hotspot track volcanism ceased, resulting in a 300 km wide gap of seamount formation between the eastern end of RR and the MAR.

The Campi Flegrei caldera is well known for being one of the most volcanically risky areas in the world. Notably, it has an extension of about 120 square km, and 40% of its area is submerged forming the Gulf of Pozzuoli. A remarkable expression of the local volcanic dynamics is the slow ground displacement across the whole caldera. This peculiarity makes this area a natural laboratory for developing and testing innovative methods to assess seafloor deformation. Until 2008 no seafloor deformation measurements were performed in the submarine part of the caldera, while ground deformation measurements have been extensively and routinely acquired on land since the beginning of the last century. In 2008 CUMAS, a multisensor prototype buoy, was deployed in the Gulf of Pozzuoli within a program of extension of the land-based geophysical monitoring network toward the marine sector of the caldera. CUMAS, placed at 2.5 km from the coast in about 100 m water depth, was able to acquire the first sea floor deformation measurement in the submerged portion of the caldera. In 2016, a new marine monitoring network, MEDUSA, was deployed to achieve a larger coverage of the Gulf of Pozzuoli incorporating CUMAS. MEDUSA marine network presently consists of four instrumented buoys hosting geodetic GPS receivers on the top. Moreover, each buoy is connected through a cable to a seafloor module equipped with oceanographic and geophysical sensors including a bottom pressure recorder (BPR). One of the buoys is also equipped with a tide gauge. Using the GPS, BPR and tide gauge data provided by MEDUSA, we were able to assess the seafloor deformation field in the Gulf of Pozzuoli for the first time: we estimated a seafloor vertical displacement of about 10 cm ±1 cm over a period of twenty months embracing 2016 to 2018. The presentation is aimed at giving details about the design of MEDUSA and about the multiparameter data analysis leading to the deformation field estimation.

Transmission muography is an expanding technique based on the attenuation of the natural-occurring cosmic muons flux due to the opacity of the medium to obtain the distribution of density around the detector. The current work introduces the technology developed by the Temporal Tomography of the Densitometry by the Measurement of Muons (T2DM2) collaboration. The MUST2 camera leans on a thin time projection chamber read by a resistive Micromegas. This new tool presents interesting distinctive features, allowing a wide angular acceptance of the detector with a low weight and volume, well adapted for confined spaces or underground operation. The results obtained from field measurement campaign carried out at the dam overlooking the village of Saint-Saturnin-les-Apt (South-East of France) are presented. The influences of (i) the host rock body of the barrage and dam’s structure, (ii) the temporal water level variations of the reservoir and (iii) the effect of the temperature on the muons flux measurements are discussed The main challenge that faces the project is that the muon trajectory reconstruction algorithm cannot infer the arrival angles for a non-negligible number of detected events, with the subsequent loss of information. The data collected during the campaign of measurements, should help improving the algorithm’s robustness and reconstruction efficiency. Field transportability and the capability to perform long-term out-of-lab measurements have been demonstrated. The successful proof-of-concept trial makes the MUST2 camera a valuable candidate for transmission muography purposes, particularly in challenging available volume scenarios. The next phase of the T2DM2 project aims at imaging and monitoring the hydrodynamics across the unsaturated zone of the Fontaine-de Vaucluse aquifer. To do so, a network of 20 autonomous detectors will be constructed and deployed within the facilities of the Low Background Noise Laboratory of Rustrel (LSBB), France. The privileged emplacement of the LSBB allows the access to both the surface and to a network of 4 km of underground galleries with depths ranging from 0 to 518 m.

High concentration of fluoride in the groundwater is observed to be associated with granitic aquifers as well as near phosphate mines around the globe. The present work is a hydrogeological study of the ground water of Beldih phosphate mines in India. Being located in the Singhbhum shear zone the area has a complex tectonic history and is dominated by phosphate, alkali granites, amphibolites, and granitic gneiss with higer abundance of fluoride bearing minerals like apatite and biotite. Total of 12 water samples were collected for a preliminary study to assess the spatial variation of fluoride in ground water and surface water with an aim to understand the effect of phosphate mines in elevating fluorosis in adjoining areas. The groundwater chemistry shows a trend that the concentration of fluoride and nitrate gets elevated as we approach towards the open cast phosphate mines. From the spatial observation combined with the water chemistry and geology it is evident that the apatite dissolution is the prime cause of the elevation in fluoride concentration. However presence of iron in the lithology controls the fluoride level to some extent. Since the area is effected with high fluorosis its can be concluded that the groundwater geochemistry along with the air borne fluoride present in the phosphate dust are the major cause of the fluorosis. The exploration of phosphate must be carried out with out most environmental care and the mitigation of post mining effect should be planned before mining operation. Fluorosis is an irreparable health hazard and a major geohealth concern that has already affected a large amount of population.

Groundwater fluoride is the major cause of the endemic fluorosis. Global fluorosis data indicate that that granitic aquifer which fractures controlled hydrology is highly susceptible to contaminate groundwater with high fluoride. Till date there has not been any sincere effort to understand the type of granitic aquifer based on the different type of the granites and their fluoride content. The present paper assesses the different types of granites and their fluoride content. Dissolution of fluoride from these rock types are the major source of high fluoride contamination in the groundwater. The granitic aquifers are also dominated by fracture control hydrology which enhances the chances of rock water interaction and dissolution of fluoride. The mineralogy of the rocks is also favorable due to the presence of biotite and muscovite which are found to have high affinity to donate fluoride during rock water interaction as shown by the following equation. KAl2[AlSi3O10]F2+2OH- = KAl2[AlSi3O10]OH-+2F- (Muscovite) KMg3[AlSi3O10] F2+2 OH- = KMg3[AlSi3O10]OH-+2F- (Biotite) Delineation of the type of aquifer and the geochemistry of the granitic rocks needs to assess to understand the geogenic causes of fluoride in the granitic aquifer along with the water chemistry (pH>8) which enhances the rate of dissolution of fluoride during rock water interaction. Further estimation can be made by the application pf isotopic data particularly 18O, 2H, 3H, 34S isotope which can quantitatively estimate the sources of fluoride and contribution from different sources as well as rock water interaction time.

Random and small-scale subsurface heterogeneities in velocity and/or density scatter the seismic wavefield when they have scale lengths on the order of the seismic wavelength. Seismic scattering is considered the origin of coda waves. Such inhomogeneities have an important effect on propagating waves, as they generate traveltime and amplitude fluctuations and may be the cause of attenuation or excitation of secondary waves. Understanding the effect of small-scale heterogeneities on the seismic wavefield is important for the characterization of the seismic source (e.g. source parameters of underground nuclear explosions) and to improve our knowledge of the Earth’s structure along the raypath. Several approaches and methods have been suggested to study the scattering of seismic waves and characterise subsurface heterogeneities. Here, we apply a combination of the analysis of the incoherent wavefield component and the coda decay with time to a dataset of over 350 teleseismic events (over 20000 traces) recorded at three seismic arrays (Warramunga, Alice Springs and Pilbara) in Australia. This combination allow us to obtain a series of parameters (correlation length, RMS velocity fluctuations of the heterogeneities and thickness of the scattering layer) that give us a measure of the spatial scale and the magnitude of the heterogeneities present in the lithosphere beneath the arrays. This is the first time such a large dataset is used for a study of these characteristics. Our new results show similar structures and scattering strength for Alice Springs and Warramunga, while revealing a different tectonic signature and stronger scattering in the case of Pilbara, possibly caused by the different thicknesses of crust and lithosphere between these regions and its different tectonic history. These stochastic models of the lithosphere are the first step in the development of a technique analogous to adaptive optics which, in this case, aims at removing the effect of the small-scale, near receiver structure from recorded wavefields, thus enabling us to improve our source characterization and to more clearly image the Earth’s interior.

Experimental study of the phase and amplitude observations of sub-ionospheric very low and low frequency signals is performed to analyze the response of the lower ionosphere during the August 21, 2017 total solar eclipse in the United States of America. Three subionospheric wave paths have been investigated. The length of the paths varied from 2200 to 6500 km, signal frequencies were 21.4 kHz, 25.2 kHz and 40.8 kHz. Two paths crossed the region of total eclipse and the third path was in the region of 40-60% of obscuration. None of the signals revealed any noticeable amplitude changes during the eclipse while negative phase anomalies (from -35° to -95°) were detected for all three paths. It was shown that the effective reflection height of the ionosphere in low and middle latitudes has been increased by 3.5-5 km during the eclipse.

Extreme weather and migratory events have been topics of great interest for decades. More recently, a debate has emerged whether the human impact of climate change can lead to armed conflict, and how conflict and extreme climate events interact in inducing large-scale displacement. This paper explores the relationship between conflict and displacement in the context of droughts and floods across Somalia, a country in the East Africa region, in which the population has historically been using migration as coping strategy for the effects of recurring climatic extremes and socio-economic uncertainties. Since 2015, Somalia has been affected by a humanitarian crisis, paired with on-going conflict, which subsequently reduced resilience of its population. Applying panel econometric methods to monthly within-country migration observations from 18 regions together with spatio-temporal conflict and weather data, this paper quantifies the impacts of conflict and extreme weather events on within-country displacement over the period of 2016 to 2018. It combines and analyses conflict-, drought- and flood-related displacement data from the UNHCR-led Protection & Return Monitoring Network (PRMN), disaggregated conflict data from the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED) with gridded climate estimate data. Empirical evidence suggests significant interaction effects between conflict and extreme weather events on migration, where pre-existing conflict conditions act as accelerators of climate-induced displacement.

The Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment operating on the International Space Station (SAGE III/ISS) is an occultation instrument that retrieves aerosol extinction and ozone, water vapor, and other trace gas concentrations. Water vapor in the stratosphere plays a significant role in ozone depletion and global temperature regulation making it an important species to monitor. The new SAGE III/ISS instrument provides high quality, vertically resolved profiles of water vapor throughout the stratosphere and upper troposphere. A discussion is presented on the sensitivity of the SAGE III/ISS instrument to water vapor and provide an early evaluation of the retrieved profiles.

i) Within the framework of 3D resistive MHD, we simulate the formation of a plasma jet with the morphology, upward velocity and timescale formation similar to those expected for Type II spicules as described in González-Avilés et al. (2018a). ii) In this paper we analyze the transverse displacements and rotational type motion of the jet. iii) We calculate time series of the velocity components in different points near to the jet for various heights and find transverse oscillations in agreement with spicule observations. iv) By analyzing temperature isosurfaces, we find that the line-ofsight (LOS) is approximately perpendicular to the jet axis. v) The jet shows a red-blue shift pattern caused by rotational motion

Coastal areas are highly vulnerable to flooding, due to hydrological extreme events such heavy rainfalls and/or storm surges which are supposed to be increasing in the next future due to the emission in atmosphere of anthropogenic greenhouse gases. In this study, in order to assess the future hydraulic risk in coastal regions, as well as, to identify optimal defense/adaptation policies, a risk analysis model is developed to calculate the present day and future flood risk, accounting for climate change uncertainties and mitigation measures. Such model juxtaposes a number of coupled/nested models as: a) a stacking daily rainfall downscaling model which combines simulations from multiple predictive models, as Random Forest, extreme gradient boosting and Non-homogeneous Hidden Markov Model (NHMM) (Cioffi et al. 2018); b) a Bivariate Point Process model (BPPM) (Zheng et al., 2014) that calculates Joint probability density function between extreme daily rainfall amount and daily extreme storm tide depth; c) a simulation-optimization model - in which multi-objective GA optimization model (Deb et al., 2002) and 2D hydraulic model are combined (Cioffi et al. 2018) - calculates sets of Pareto optimal solutions which are obtained by defining two optimality criteria consisting in: minimizing both the cost of the flood defense infrastructure system and the flooding hydraulic risk. ; d) a mathematical decision model which is aimed to identify the best policies of mitigation of hydraulic risk and the timing, taking into account the uncertainties in hydrological extreme event predictions. The risk analysis model is applied to the study case of Mazzocchio area which is the most depressed area (about 10000 ha) within the Pontinia Plain, a large reclamation region in the south of Lazio (Italy), particularly vulnerable to extreme events - as extreme rainfall amount and sea level rise due to storm surge at the sea outfall of the river- which in the past caused the crisis of hydraulic network system with flooding of large areas and collapse of levees. XXI Century projections of daily rainfall amount and sea level for the RCP 8.5-IPCC scenarios were performed using ensemble of 35 GCM simulations (CESM1 CAM5 BGC 20C + RCP8.5 Large Ensemble) (Kay et al., 2015).

If a kick is not detected and circulated properly out of the wellbore with heavier mud weight, it leads to blowouts. In this case, reservoir fluids gush out of the well uncontrollably without restriction leading to loss of control. This may lead to fractures initiating in the post-blowout capping stages, just below the casing shoe, propagating upwards creating a channel through which reservoir fluids can flow to the ocean floor. Being able to model these fracture failures will help understand wellbore integrity problems from loss of control situations and predict the possibility of broaching preventing many ecological disasters like the 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill from Union Oil’s A-21 well. The hypothesis tested is that fracture initiation from a wellbore in a loss of control situation can be predicted through analysis of the near-wellbore stress field, with knowledge of the in-situ stress state and the properties of the formation and the borehole assembly. A 3D numerical model is employed to assess whether a fracture will initiate. This is done by considering the stressfield at the casing shoe; the point most vulnerable to tensile fracture failure downhole. In-situ stress state, wellbore pressure, casing shoe depth and the casing, cement, and formation’s mechanical properties are independent variables that are shown to control fracture initiation; the dependent variable. A reservoir model is used to predict pressure build-up during capping procedures. A case study on Gulf of Mexico is presented with input wellbore pressure data generated using a worst case discharge model. Wellbore pressure drop during uncontrolled discharge from a well can cause casing collapse failures and subsequently pressure build-up in the post-blowout capping stage, may initiate fractures which can lead fluid leakage to the surface either through the cement or the interfaces with the casing and the formation. The region of the in-situ stress states where fracture initiation will occur is shown in dimensionless plots. This is useful for drilling and wellbore integrity teams. When targeting highly-pressured formations as in deepwater, wellbore architecture must be made with considerations of the wellbore pressures generated from loss of control situations like blowouts. Research reported in this publication was supported by an Early-Career Research Fellowship from the Gulf Research Program of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the Gulf Research Program of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.

Ambient air quality is an increasingly prominent environmental factor within the sustainable development of an urban territory, due to a growing awareness on the harmful and transboundary nature of its effects. The main objective of this work was to build knowledge on the quality of ambient air and climate, in the metropolitan area of Brasília/DF, the capital of Brazil. The experimental procedure was designed so as to allow the response to this objective: a) appealed to the temporal series of pollutants measured in the existing regulatory network in this urban area, in the last 10 years; and the data from the National Institute of Meteorology – NIMET; b) correlated statistically all data analyzed. We found a poor spatial coverage of the network for monitoring of ambient air quality in urban area. The only pollutants measured continuously in Brasília/DF are respirable particles (PM10), which is manifestly insufficient, taking into account the different types of sources found. In this way, it is crucial to raise the level of knowledge about the quality of the resource “air” in this city to become more effective and efficient management. The information now obtained constitutes the basis for developing an urban strategy to increase the resilience of populations potentially affected by this problem, i.e., aims to guide the process of ambient air quality management of this Brazilian city to enable you to hold (when good) or, in other cases are initiated investigations/actions that improve.