Traditionally, NOAA NESDIS has distributed GOES imagery as small sector images, usually a jpg or gif. With the launch of GOES-16, NESDIS has embraced a more modern approach to serving this imagery: NOAA Satellite Maps is a geospatial data Map Service to access imagery from the geostationary and polar satellites in our fleet. We support open information sharing and integration through this RESTful Service, which can be used by a multitude of GIS software packages and web map applications (both open and commercially licensed) for free. One of the most important features of the Satellite Maps layers service is the interoperable nature of its data. Users can combine georeferenced data layers from other datasets together with the Satellite Maps data, allowing infinite opportunities for providing meaning and value to NOAA data. For example, GOES East infrared Band 10 data can be combined with Doppler radar data and Lightning data to see how cloud cover and instances of rain align during a critical weather event. In this poster we will discuss the architecture and application development that were used to generate the image services and how the public is accessing and downloading GOES imagery.

Airflows over complex geometrical surfaces such as complex terrain and densely built urban districts are highly turbulent and sometimes become a threat under disturbed weather conditions. Among the meteorological disturbances, the landfalls of tropical cyclones cause strong winds and may lead to severe damages in populated urban areas and in mountainous areas. Because gusty winds are primarily a cause for damages, diagnosing and predicting quantitatively wind and turbulent characteristics are critically important. In order to assess strong wind hazards in complex urban areas, this study uses a large-eddy-simulation (LES) model with buildings and structures explicitly resolved at an O(1 m) grid spacing. With such a building-resolving LES model, we have analyzed turbulent airflows in urban districts of Japanese major cities and have found that the LES model is capable of estimating the magnitude of gusty winds and turbulent fluctuations. In order to improve the accuracy in representing the properties of airflows, we have developed a data assimilation method which incorporates observed turbulence. The proposed data assimilation method used a vibration equation which can incorporate turbulence winds toward target mean winds while maintaining small-scale turbulent fluctuations and was applied for airflows in actual urban districts of Kyoto City by incorporating data obtained from meteorological observations located in Kyoto. We have concluded that the data assimilation method using the vibration equation successfully nudges toward the target mean winds while maintaining small-scale turbulent fluctuations well. Our recent LES analyses of airflows in urban districts have been extended to studies related to the impact assessment of and the adaptation to climate change in urban areas. A building-resolving LES model has become a practical tool to more applied side of turbulent airflow analysis.

While hydraulic groundwater theory has been understood as a viable approach for representing the role of the aquifer(s) in the surface-subsurface hydrologic cycle, the integrated modeling community still lacks a proper hydrologic structure to utilize the well-studied theory for large-scale hydrologic predictions. This study aims to present a novel hydrologic modeling framework that enables the Boussinesq equation-based depiction of hillslope-channel connectivity for applying hydraulic groundwater theory to large-scale model configurations. We integrated the BE3S’s [Hong et al., 2020] representation scheme of the catchment-scale Boussinesq aquifer into the National Water Model (NWM) and applied the NWM-BE3S model to three major basins in Texas (i.e., the Trinity, Brazos, and Colorado River basins). Since the NWM currently relies on a single reservoir model for baseflow estimation, theory-based evaluation was performed as the efficacies that the Boussinesq aquifer has relative to the single reservoir model should be consistent with hydraulic groundwater theory. We identified that the implemented Boussinesq aquifer(s) showed ‘more’ pronouced improvements in capturing streamflow dynamics than the original NWM as aquifers exhibited higher nonlinearities in the observed recessions. The varying degree of improvements in streamflow outputs according to the recession nonlinearities demonstrates (1) the applicability of the theory-based depiction of hillslope-channel connectivity and (2) the technical enhancement of model structure. We also examined the river states of all the reaches based on the represented bidirectional lateral hydraulic connections between the stream-aquifer and thus identified the dominant processes between the stream-aquifer (i.e., either river infiltration or baseflow) were spatially variable roughly following climatic gradients.

Management of used nuclear fuel is a major technical challenge faced by nuclear energy producing nations worldwide. In Canada, the Nuclear Waste Management Organization is responsible for the design and implementation of a deep geological repository (DGR), which will be placed ~500 m below ground surface in a stable host rock to safely contain and isolate used fuel. Within a DGR, used nuclear fuel will be placed in used fuel containers (UFCs) that are encased in copper because of copper’s corrosion resistance. The UFCs will be surrounded by highly compacted bentonite to suppress the transport of corrosive agents to the UFC and limit the movement of radionuclides out of a DGR in the unlikely case of a breach. Over the design lifespan of one million years for the DGR, it is possible that sulfate-reducing bacteria near the bentonite-host rock interface can produce bisulfide (HS-) that can be transported to the UFC surface and potentially corrode the outer copper barrier. Therefore, it is crucial to understand HS- transport mechanisms through bentonite to assess the long-term performance of a DGR. This study aims to quantify HS- transport through bentonite using through-diffusion experiments under a range of anticipated DGR and bentonite conditions (e.g., temperature, ionic concentration, bentonite densities). In addition, as geochemical reactions/sorption are expected to affect HS- transport, batch experiments are being conducted to understand these processes independent of transport. The preliminary batch of experimental results show that ~85% of HS- was partitioned from the aqueous to solid phase within first hour and ~97% after 24 hours. However, this partitioning efficiency decreased with increased liquid-to-solid ratio because of the reduction in available reaction/sorption sites on the bentonite. This presentation shows the results from both transport and batch experiments performed on the bentonite under relevant DGR conditions.

The high sensitivity of the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer (VIIRS) Day Night Band (DNB) high gain stage (HGS) cannot directly use on-board calibration sources such as solar diffusers, so other calibration approaches are needed. A fully automated, NIST-traceable active point source called the Accurate Active Light Source (AALS) based on a 1-meter diameter integrating sphere illuminated with High Pressure Sodium (HPS) lamps has been developed to calibrate the VIIRS DNB HGS mode. This paper provides the theory and operation of the AALS. The AALS is housed in an environmentally controlled, moveable, enclosed trailer that protects the sphere and is being deployed in South Dakota during the summer and Mississippi during the winter. AALS Lambertian source radiance is measured by a NIST-traceable spectroradiometer. MODTRAN-based top of atmosphere (TOA) radiance is calculated using nighttime aerosol estimates and point source radiative transfer techniques that account for the VIIRS finite Point Spread Function (PSF). This new active point source complements current vicarious calibration techniques, which are based on lunar illumination of extended sources (clouds, playas, etc.), and helps improve our understanding of the point source radiative transfer needed to develop nighttime artificial light source applications. An uncertainty budget for TOA radiance indicates that accuracy under clear, moonless conditions should be comparable to daytime vicarious calibration methods. This paper shows that the major uncertainty is the ground-to-space atmospheric transmission and discusses approaches to reduce this error. Initial assessment of the VIIRS DNB HGS on the Suomi-NPP and NOAA-20 satellites are presented.

Context: A Focus on Arctic Ice Restoration Arctic ice loss has been linked to global climatic changes including droughts and wildfires and extreme winter weather. Since 1979 the Arctic has lost 75% of its ice volume, resulting in a loss of albedo that contributes significantly to global warming. Ice911’s mission is to develop and test methods to preserve and ultimately restore ice using a thin coating of high-albedo reflective materials applied to strategic areas of low-albedo ice in the Arctic, in order to reduce climate change impacts. Methods: Arctic Field Testing and Laboratory Safety Testing At Ice911’s Arctic lake test site in Ukpeagvik (Barrow), Alaska, working with UIC for science logistics and permits, a section of the winter ice was treated with 15,000 m2 of reflective hollow glass microsphere materials, using an agricultural spreader. Monitoring instrumentation included albedo and temperature measurement and cameras mounted on buoys. The treated area was observed and compared to control areas throughout the 2018 melt. Data was transmitted wirelessly and combined with on-site aerial drone footage. Laboratory safety testing and field evaluation of the fate of the materials continued, as part of the “first do no harm” obligation of the work. Results The data collection and wireless communication worked reliably in the field. Video footage taken during the melt was run through an image processing algorithm to compare albedo differential and results show higher reflectivity in areas with material applied, despite variable stream flows during the melt. The flotation for both the custom Ice911-built buoys and a purchased buoy were compromised by the variable stresses exerted during the ice melt in the lake, and improvements are being made to the Ice911 buoy design. Laboratory safety testing shows no deleterious impacts from the materials. At the field test site, after the melt the sand-like materials were blown to shore and joined the surrounding mud. Conclusion Field work, permitting, climate modeling and laboratory testing are ongoing to confirm material safety and performance and to improve deployment and monitoring, with the goal of readying the technology for a potential targeted deployment within a few years of a 10,000-100,000 km2 on sea ice at a location chosen to have a significant positive climate impact.

With the launch of the new Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-R (GOES-R) satellite series with the Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) onboard both GOES-16, and -17 satellites, new capabilities are available at unprecedented temporal and spatial resolution from a geostationary-orbiting platform viewing North and South America. Measurements from three water vapor bands available from ABI presents a unique opportunity to assess the delineation in the vertical distribution of atmospheric moisture through multispectral (Red, Green, Blue, i.e., RGB) composites. Analysis of multispectral composites may provide improved capabilities to quickly identify specific features through qualitative analysis. The utilization of water vapor bands in the derivation of RGB imagery can be used to enhance thermodynamic and/or dynamical features associated with the development of significant weather events and hazards (e.g., cyclones, hurricanes, convection, turbulence) that are commonly found in single band water vapor analysis. The Air Mass RGB was developed with the launch of Meteosat Second Generation Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) and is used to enhance regions of warm, dry, ozone rich stratospheric air associated with jet stream dynamics and tropopause folding that impact cyclone and hurricane intensity. With the launch of Himawari-8 Advanced Himawari Imager, the Japan Meteorological Agency developed a complimentary water vapor RGB, the Differential Water Vapor RGB, as a tool to assess the vertical distribution of water vapor in the atmosphere. This presentation will discuss the applications and advantages of the Air Mass and Differential Water Vapor RGB as complimentary tools for assessing thermodynamic and dynamical features associated with significant weather events.

The Array of Things (AoT) is a collaborative effort among leading scientists, universities, local government and communities in Chicago to collect real-time data on the city’s environment, infrastructure, and activity for research and public use. The AoT is composed of nodes that will measure and sense the urban environment of Chicago and provide openly accessible data in near real time. One component of each node is the ChemSense board, which uses chemical sensors to measure five gas-phase species: ozone, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide. In addition, the ChemSense board provides information on total reducing gases and total oxidizing gases. The nodes also include meteorological information and cameras that will provide pedestrian and traffic counts using computer vision algorithms. Because the ChemSense boards rely on low-cost sensors, characterizing the sensor responses is critical to understanding the applicability of the AoT for urban air quality issues. As a first step, a node with the ChemSense board was installed at an EPA air quality monitoring site within the City of Chicago, which is run by the Cook County Department of Environment and Sustainability. The EPA site has Federal Reference Method monitors for ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. After collecting collocation data for seven months, the results are promising for ozone, but much less so for sulfur dioxide. For nitrogen dioxide, unexplained spikes not observed in the EPA data drive a poor fit. Results from the collocation project will be used to consider larger issues for characterizing the air quality component of the AoT.

Water resources management is a non-trivial process requiring a holistic understanding of the factors driving the dynamics of human-water systems. Policy-induced or autonomous behavioral changes in human systems may affect water and land management, which may affect water systems and feedback to human systems, further impacting water and land management. Currently, hydro-economic models lack the ability to describe such dynamics either because they do not account for the multi-factor/multi-output nature of these systems, and/or are not designed to operate at a river basin scale. This paper presents a flexible and replicable methodological framework for integrating a microeconomic multi-factor/multi-output Positive Multi-Attribute Utility Programming (PMAUP) model with an eco-hydrologic model, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). The connection between the models occurs in a sequential modular approach through a common spatial unit, the “Hydrologic-Economic Representative Units” (HERUs), derived from the boundaries of decision-making entities and hydrologic responsive units. The resulting SWAT-PMAUP model aims to provide the means for exploring the dynamics between the behavior of socio-economic agents and their connection with the water system through water and land management. The integrated model is illustrated by simulating the impacts of irrigation restriction policies on the Río Mundo sub-basin in south-eastern Spain. The results suggest that agents’ adaptation strategies in response to the irrigation restrictions have broad economic impacts and subsequent consequences on surface and groundwater resources. We suggest that the integrated modeling framework can be a valuable tool to support decision-making in water resources management across a wide range of scales.

NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) hosts and provides access to one of the most significant archives on Earth, with comprehensive oceanic, atmospheric, and geophysical data. From the depths of the ocean to the surface of the sun and from million-year-old ice core records to near-real-time satellite images, NCEI is the Nation’s leading authority for environmental information. These data are impressively heterogeneous in terms of platforms, instruments, formats, and user communities. As a federal agency, NCEI must follow laws, mandates, guidance, best practices, and national and international standards. This presentation will showcase the policies that support the framework of NCEI’s data preservation and stewardship mission with a look toward current gaps and future needs for data policies.

Seawater rare earth element (REE) concentrations are increasingly applied to reconstruct water mass histories by exploiting relative changes in the distinctive normalised patterns. However, the mechanisms by which water masses gain their REE patterns are yet to be fully explained. To examine this, we collected water samples along the Extended Ellett Line (EEL), an oceanographic transect between Iceland and Scotland, and measured dissolved REE by offline automated chromatography (SeaFAST) and ICP-MS. The proximity to two continental boundaries, the incipient spring bloom coincident with the timing of the cruise, and the importance of deep water circulation in this climatically sensitive gateway region make it an ideal location to investigate sources of REE to seawater and the effects of vertical cycling and lateral advection on their distribution. The deep waters have REE concentrations closest to typical North Atlantic seawater and are dominated by lateral advection. Comparison to published seawater REE concentrations of the same water masses in other locations provides a first measure of the temporal and spatial stability of the seawater REE signature. We demonstrate the REE pattern is replicated for Iceland-Scotland Overflow Water (ISOW) in the Iceland Basin from adjacent stations sampled 16 years previously. A recently published Labrador Sea Water dissolved REE signature is reproduced in the Rockall Trough but shows greater light and mid REE alteration in the Iceland Basin, possibly due to the dominant effect of ISOW and/or continental inputs. An obvious concentration gradient from seafloor sediments to the overlying water column in the Rockall Trough, but not the Iceland Basin, highlights release of light and mid REE from resuspended sediments and pore waters, possibly a seasonal effect associated with the timing of the spring bloom in each basin. This study highlights the need for fully constrained REE sources and sinks, including the temporary nature of some sources, to achieve a balanced budget of seawater REE. In this contribution, I discuss some of the potential mechanisms and their implications for the longevity of the seawater REE signature.

In 2013, the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) issued a memorandum directing Federal agencies with over $100 million in annual research and development expenditures to develop a plan to support increased access to federally funded research results. In response, the US Geological Survey developed a Public Access Plan and published four new data management policies. The policies focus on review and approval of scientific data supporting scholarly conclusions, requirements for metadata, preservation, and data management planning. The new policies, in conjunction with the Public Access Plan, represent a shift in culture in how the USGS manages and provides access to its science data. The USGS recognizes that successful implementation of these new policies requires multiple pillars of support, from USGS leadership and staff buy-in, to effective tools. Active community engagement in the Bureau is stimulated through the Community for Data Integration (CDI), an open forum for community discussion and engagement, and an important component creating buy-in and contributing to the success of the new policies. Also critical are a suite of tools available to scientists to ensure their ability to implement the policies. Finally, support from leadership that manifests in the Fundamental Science Practices Advisory Council (FSPAC), a committee of representatives from across the Bureau who preside over policies and guidance is a critical component. While far from complete, the USGS has shifted its approach to science data management by engaging the community, offering tools to support policy, and providing leadership support for the quality and scientific integrity of USGS science data.

Shallow soil temperatures influence ecosystem carbon cycling and the temperature of deeper soil layers where permafrost thaw occurs. Vegetation affects shallow soil temperatures via impacts on the surface energy balance, hydrology, and soil characteristics. Vegetation may influence the degree to which soil temperatures rise with increases in air temperature under global climate change. However, variability in vegetative influences on soil temperature are not well quantified at a pan-Arctic scale. We compiled data from 235 sites across high latitude permafrost regions to examine the influence of air temperatures and vegetation on shallow soil temperatures. Annual thermal regimes varied across vegetation types characterized by dominant plant functional cover. The overall magnitude of soil temperature maxima and minima varied across plant functional types. Ecosystems dominated by vegetation with tall statured canopies such as evergreen needleleaf boreal forests and tall shrub tundra tended to have warmer soil warmer temperatures than tundra sites dominated short statured vegetation such as graminoid or short shrub species. Soil temperatures increased with air temperature similarly within tundra vegetation types, and rising air temperatures from global climate change may result in similar increases in soil temperatures regardless of vegetation type in the tundra. Soil temperatures were highly variable and decoupled from air temperature in boreal forest sites.

EarthResourceML (http://www.earthresourceml.org) is the international data model and standard for mineral resources data. EarthResourceML (ERML) was initially developed for the Australian Chief Government Geologists Committee (CGGC) but is now under the governance of the Commission for Geoscience Information (CGI), a commission of the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS). ERML/INSPIRE MR data models are the preferred standard for mineral resources data sharing initiatives and projects, such as the European Union’s INSPIRE directive, and EU-projects (Minerals4EU, ProSUM) and the Australian AuScope, and Geoscience Portal projects. The current version of ERML v2.0 was released in August 2014 and ERML v3.0 will be published 2018. Current ERML v.2.0 and INSPIRE Mineral Resource data models are practically identical. The main elements of the ERML/INSPIRE models cover mineral occurrences, mines, and mining activity. The standard describes the geological characteristics and settings of mineral occurrences, their contained commodities, and their mineral reserve, resource and endowment. It is also able to describe mineral exploration, mines and mining activities, processing/transformation activities, with the production of concentrates and refined products, and waste material characterization. ERML/INSPIRE utilises the GeoSciML v4.1 Mapped Feature model to describe spatial representations of mineral occurrences and mines, and the GeoSciML Earth Material model to describe host- and associated materials. ERML Lite v. 1.0 version was accepted and released in August 2016. The new version 2.0 of ERML Lite was published June 2018. ERML Lite 2.0 delivers a user-friendly designed and simplified flat view of key elements of the full ERML/INSPIRE data models. The CGI Geoscience Terminology Working Group (http://resource.geosciml.org/def/voc/) and INSPIRE code list register (http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/codelist/) provides a range of standard vocabularies that can be used to populate ERML/INSPIRE data services. ERML Lite test service will be demonstrated at the AGU meeting at Onegeology portal and data providers are from Oceania (AUSGIN and New Zealand), Europe (Minerals4EU, FODD, and Finland) and Arctic (60°- 90°) data (Nordic Countries, Russia, Alaska, and Canada). The ERML and ERML Lite data models enable comparison of mineral resource information from different jurisdictions. With increasing participation from geological surveys these data model will assist global resources estimates and exploration targeting.

Magnetotelluric exploration is one of geophysical methods for investigating the Earth’s deep interior. This method measures natural geoelectric and geomagnetic field values. Impedance is expressed by the relation between the measured electric fields and magnetic fields, and it is used to estimate the electromagnetic properties of the Earth’s deep interior. In the early stage, the geophysical responses at receiver was simply considered as responses from one-dimensional structure and the impedance was used in the form of scalar. As we consider three-dimensional structure nowadays, the impedance is mainly used in the form of matrix. Each component of the matrix is determined by various factors such as underground structure and surrounding environment. It is very important to know how these components reflect those factors since the components of the impedance are the basic information to estimate the interior of the earth. In this study, we focus on the topographic effects and correction with three-dimensional earth model for Gyeongju sites. As the Gyeongju area is surrounded by several mountains and faults, it has highly complicate topographies. However, the conventional topographic correction is not perfect for complex area because it is calculated in homogeneous earth model. In this study, we use the finite element methods using hexahedral and tetrahedral elements to examine the topographic correction method in complex topographies and three-dimensional anomalies. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by the Nuclear Safety Research Program through the Korea Foundation Of Nuclear Safety(KoFONS), granted financial resource from the Nuclear Safety and Security Commission(NSSC), Republic of Korea (No.1705010) and Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning(KETEP) and the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy(MOTIE) of the Republic of Korea (No. 20168510030830).

Wireless sensor networks for environmental monitoring are becoming a common tool for researchers across many of the field sciences. However, managing these systems is still an emerging issue. Internet of Things (IoT) technologies have provided many tools for creating big data solutions to these issues, but the industry is at cross-purposes with scientists. The big data approach is to collect massive amounts of data then throw out the anomalous points. For environmental monitoring, we need to archive and curate all the data as a permanent record of rapid environmental change. To achieve this, we need to combine IoT with museum curation sensibility. Dendra is cyberinfrastructure for real-time sensor data storage, retrieval, management, and curation for the field sciences. It is a cloud-based, multi-organizational system, designed to support massive permanent monitoring efforts (https://dendra.science). The name is derived from dendritic networks, such as river networks. Environmental monitoring performs in a similar manner, pulling data from the earth’s surface to a single location. To curate streaming data, we developed a dynamic data versioning system. A field scientist reports invalid data from the field via mobile phone, the annotation is approved by curator, and is instantly applied to all data accessed. Data is only modified on extract. This allows us to pull data from any time in the past with the edits and calibrations of that time. Networked data logger integration works with LoggerNet, GOES satellite, and soon Iridium satellite. Dendra is hosted on NSF’s XSEDE Jetstream cloud service. The system is designed as a set of microservices that interact through as set of persistent ques (NATS). Server-side javascript with Node.js is the primary development language. A data abstraction layer allows for multiple time-series databases (InfluxDB, MySQL, etc) to be accessed, even for a single instrument over time and reassembled as a single datastream. Access is via REST API & website. Dendra is used and supported by: Eel River Critical Zone Observatory (23 stations) in Mendocino, California; the University of California Natural Reserve System (25 stations); the Moore Foundation funded California Heartbeat Initiative (4 stations, 10 mobile, 40 planned).

The need to train a scientific workforce in order to mitigate the impacts of climate change drives an international need for climate change education, including in Ghana. How pre-service teachers understand the concept of climate change, and the often misunderstood relationship between ozone depletion and global warming, critically impacts the students they will teach and the community at large. This mixed-method, descriptive study documents pre-service teachers’ climate change and ozone depletion conceptions, and describes the sources of these conceptions. An open-ended and Likert-type questionnaire adapted from Boyes and Groves (1994) was administered to 300 participants from three colleges of education in Ghana. Thirty of the participating pre-service teachers then completed a semi-structured interview. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS, and interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and coded together with the open-ended survey questions. Results of the quantitative analysis suggest that many pre-service teachers hold the idea that climate change results from ozone holes allowing more ultraviolet solar radiation to reach the Earth. Participants understand that ozone is a layer of gas high up in the atmosphere that protects the Earth from ultraviolet radiation, but they lack an understanding of what causes ozone depletion and the consequences of depletion. Participants also identified textbooks (79.9%), instructors (63.5%) and the media/internet (62.1%) as the sources of their ozone layer and climate change knowledge. Qualitative data suggest that participants lack an understanding of the exact position of the ozone layer in the atmosphere, how ozone forms, its relation to ground level UV radiation and natural processes that lead to ozone depletion. Participants also confused climate change with the change in seasons and weather, and could not clearly articulate why they think ozone depletion is linked to climate change. This study adds to existing climate change conceptions literature, identifies new misconceptions held by pre-service teachers and identifies the sources of their conceptions, which provides further information about the learning resources available to students.

Studies of plasma injection signatures at the giant planets commonly interpret these events in terms of a longitudinally localised ‘bundle’ of hot plasma or a more radially-extended flow channel. In either picture, the hotter plasma moves radially inward toward the planet and gains energy. These structures also entrain energetic charged particles. These charged particles have important azimuthal secondary drifts, eventually removing them from the injection location at different, energy-dependent velocities, leading to the ‘dispersed’ signature in observed energy spectra. In this study, we revisit the modelling of azimuthal gradient and curvature drift rates for injected particles, using a magnetodisc field rather than the pure dipole which is often assumed. We comment on the quantitative effect of the magnetodisc field on the energy dispersion of older injection events at Saturn where simultaneous multiple energy bands are observed in Cassini LEMMS proton data.