Sporadic-E (Es) layers are characterized as thin layers (1-5 km) of enhanced electron density that occur between 90-120 km in altitude. Sporadic E at mid- and low-latitudes has a reasonably well established climatology, while at high latitudes there have been fewer investigations that have characterized the climatology of sporadic E occurrence using altitude resolved measurements. Incoherent scatter radar provides direct altitude resolved measurements of the E-region ionosphere with relatively high altitude resolution. Since 2008, the Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar (PFISR) has been operating in nearly continuous operations through a low duty cycle mode, thus enabling observations of sporadic E. The distinction between Es and auroral precipitation is detectable and is generally associated with the differences in structure height with Es being on average smaller in altitudinal range and shorter time duration. The purpose of this investigation is to present observations of sporadic E derived from this nearly continuous database of alternating code and Barker code PFISR data spanning the years from 2007-2021. We visually identified the sporadic E layers and have found approximately 300 events. We present statistical results of the occurrence, duration, and characteristics of high latitude sporadic E derived from these events. The preponderance of events manifested within 95 to 120 km, typically lasted 1 to 3 hours, and mostly occurred during May through September with observance peaking in July. In addition, the trends indicated a potential disconnect between sporadic-E events and auroral activity, which was previously considered the primary driving force behind high latitude sporadic-E events. The climatology of high latitude sporadic E is an important contribution that must be considered in future high latitude models of the ionosphere.

The author provides stable and safe designs of coastal and river bank using a new structural concept which stably keeps frame structure inside of the embankments, and therefore protects the backside of lowland areas, where more than ten millions of people live and social investment facilities are distributed. This new proposal simplifies the design of multi water hazards from the probabilistic collapse risks to deterministic planning for human lives and accumulated social public facilities around coastal mega cities. Those regions distribute in flat low elevation areas for conveniences of foreign trade with port facilities, industries, and traffic infrastructures including hub airports. Mean while, those coastal regions sometimes remains in legendary collapse risks, such as gigantic fires or pandemic infection diseases along with the catastrophic disasters against social frameworks to keep human cultural livelihoods in this modern era of Gaia.

Rock moisture can be an important contributor to forest transpiration and growth. Limited work has been done studying the effects of rock moisture (subsurface water stored in fractured, weathered rock) on transpiration rates — especially in water-limited environments. Semi-arid forests like the Gordon Gulch catchment (west of Boulder, CO) exhibit complex water budget systems where water sources are not completely understood. Here, we compare transpiration rates from plots on opposing aspects with regard to soil moisture and potential rock moisture storage as inferred from shallow seismic refraction surveys. We calculated the transpiration rates of ponderosa pine and lodgepole pine trees with sap flow data collected from June to September 2014. Potential storage for rock moisture is estimated based on qualitative analysis of shallow seismic refraction line data. While one would expect areas with higher soil moisture on average to have higher transpiration rates, our results showed the contrary: the plot with less soil moisture on average exhibited 25% higher transpiration rates. By qualitatively analyzing the seismic line images, we found that this phenomenon could possibly be explained by rock moisture. The plot with higher transpiration also had more fractured, weathered bedrock below that could potentially store more water in rock moisture. Rock moisture is an important component of the complex water budget system in Gordon Gulch. Further imaging of the subsurface is key to advance our understanding on how water is being used and moved in similar environments. Our research provides insight into rock moisture’s potential effects on water usage via transpiration in water-limited environments.

Allergic respiratory disease affects millions of Americans, resulting in billions in medical expenses and lost productivity annually. Information regarding when pollen concentrations are increasing across the country is limited, diminishing the ability of health care professionals and individuals suffering from allergies and asthma to anticipate and manage their symptoms. The USA National Phenology Network, a science and monitoring network that collects, stores, and shares data and information products regarding the timing of seasonal events from across the country, offers a series of map and short-term forecast products that indicate the start of biological activity in the spring, based mainly on temperature conditions. In this study, we evaluate the potential for the Spring Indices to indicate the timing of the start and peak of airborne pollen concentrations by plant taxa, and by extension, their utility for predicting timing of increases in airborne allergenic pollen concentrations. We compared daily pollen counts collected at National Allergy Bureau (NAB) pollen counting stations across the country to the day of year the two Spring Indices – the Leaf Index and the Bloom Index – were met at those locations. In general, the Bloom Index exhibited stronger relationships with the timing of peaks in airborne pollen among the 36 plant taxa evaluated. This is likely because the Bloom Index occurs later in the season, closer to the timing of pollen peaks. However, relationships for the Leaf Index also demonstrate coherence (adj R2; ~ 0.5 +/- 0.15 [SD]). Relationships were generally strongest for Morus (mulberry), Populus (poplar), Fraxinus (ash), and Salix (willow), though the taxa best predicted by the Spring Indices varied by site. Strength of relationships did not vary appreciably across geography. Overall, the Spring Indices provide insight into seasonal pollen dynamics and have the potential to enhance springtime allergy management.

The Advanced Topographic Laser Altimeter System (ATLAS) on ICESat-2 offers a new remote sensing capability to measure complex sea ice surface topography. We demonstrate the retrieval of six sea ice parameters from ICESat-2/ATLAS data: surface roughness, ridge height, ridge frequency, melt pond depth, floe size distribution and lead frequency. Our results establish that these properties can be observed in high fidelity, across broad geographic regions and ice conditions. We resolve features as narrow as 7 m, and achieve a vertical height precision of 0.01 m, representing a significant advance in resolution over previous satellite altimeters. ICESat-2 employs a year-round observation strategy spanning all seasons, across both the Arctic and Southern Oceans. Because of its higher resolution, coupled with the spatial and temporal extent of data acquisition, ICESat-2 observations may be used to investigate time-varying, dynamic and thermodynamic sea ice processes.

Aerosols acting as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) play a fundamental role in droplet formation and cloud development in the atmosphere. Several studies have focused on the representation of aerosol-cloud interactions to improve cloud parametrizations and deep moist convection representation in numerical models. However, the effect of aerosol concentration on mixed-phase clouds is complex as it can not be directly measured and it is far from being fully understood. Then, observation of CCN distributions, variability, and exploration of possible sources can help go deeper into the effects of aerosols on cloud and precipitation processes. From October 2018 to April 2019, Cloud, Aerosol, and Complex Terrain Interactions field campaign (CACTI) took place in central Argentina. An ARM-DOE Mobility Facility was installed in Villa Yacanto, Cordoba to understand the processes affecting orographic deep convective initiation in the region. CCNs in situ observations from a Mobile Aerosol Observation System were analyzed. Amazon biomass burning is one of the known sources of aerosols in central and northern Argentina however during CACTI measurement period low rate emissions were observed from this source. Then, local aerosol source regions were investigated by backward trajectories with lagrangian dispersion model FLEXPART to determine their possible interaction with extreme precipitation events.

COVID-19’s impact on society and our daily habits has been unprecedented. With a decrease in vehicular traffic and industrial production, a decrease in local emissions was expected to occur. In order to capture any trends in ambient trace gas concentrations, approximately one thousand whole air samples were collected in intervals across the United States from April to July 2020 as part of the NASA Student Airborne Research Program (SARP). These samples were then analyzed by the UCI Rowland-Blake Lab using multi-column gas chromatography for over one hundred unique trace gases, including methane, non-methane hydrocarbons, and halocarbons, as described in Colman et al. (2001) and Barletta et al. (2002). Initial samples collected in April coincided with the peak of stay-at-home/social distancing orders in most states while samples collected later in the spring and early summer reflect the easing of these measures and initial state reopenings. Overall trends in emissions over time in select metropolitan areas will be discussed and compared to trends observed across the entire United States.

There is a growing need to address water security issues in Canada in relation to global warming effects and water management issues. Stable water isotopes (𝛿2H and 𝛿18O) have become a popular tool to investigate regional and country level public water distribution systems to identify regional water resource issues and their underlying causes. In this study, we built the first national level maps of isotopic values in tap water across Canada using 576 tap water samples that were collected during the summer season. Observed isotopic values in tap water follow similar patterns as precipitation with highest isotopic values in the coastal and Great Lakes regions and a progressive decrease as continentality increases with lowest values found in the Rocky Mountains. We classified the tap water samples based on their supply sources including groundwater, river and lake. The isotopic values of tap water sourced from groundwater and river are well-predicted by those of local annual precipitation whereas those sourced from lakes are poorly predicted. To explain this difference, we constructed a series of water balance models to predict the 𝛿2H and 𝛿18O variability of surface water across Canada. We used a digital elevation model to accumulate the isotopic composition of local precipitation weighed by precipitation (total or effective) either monthly, seasonally or annually. These water balance models strongly improved the predictability of isotopic values of tap waters sourced from rivers and lakes (particularly the annual average and monthly weighted summer models, with or without accounting for evapotranspiration). Conversely, these models did not improve predictability of the isotopic values in tap water sourced from groundwater. We argue that isotope values of tap water sourced from surface water reflect the accumulation and evapotranspiration of precipitation in catchments whereas groundwater represents an annual average of the isotopic composition of local precipitation. Regionally, we find that winter precipitation and snow melt and glaciers melt from the Rockies contribute to a large part of tap water sources around the Rockies making them vulnerable to water balance changes with ongoing climate warming. In eastern Canada water management processes appear to create some significant evaporative water losses whereas in central Canada dry continental climate causes significant evaporative water loss. Our study highlights the cycling of water from precipitation to tap water across Canada for different tap water supply with implications for water managements, contamination risks and vulnerability to climate change. Our models and databases also provide an isotopic baseline for regionally important water resources monitoring as well as for human forensic cases.

For designing of Ground Source Heating Systems (GSHS) Thermal Response Tests (TRT) are used for a long time. TRTs generally provide a profound basis for the final implementation of a GSHS. They obtain the effective thermal conductivity and thermal resistance of a borehole. Until today several TRT types have been introduced and defined as Geothermal Response Test (GRT), Enhanced GRT (EGRT), Constant Heat Flux TRT (chTRT), Constant temperature (ctTRT ) etc.. These models mainly focus on closed heat exchangers in shallow boreholes. However, recent developments in medium depth drilling technologies make deeper boreholes more economic. Furthermore, advanced methodologies for obtaining thermal conductivities in deep and open boreholes are progressing. In this study, we introduce a new simple thermal conductivity obtaining methodology that can be used for deep and open boreholes. Generally, TRTs are applied with the circulation of water inside pipes or immersing probes in water. In case of water circulation in deep boreholes, different heat flux values will be attributed to different layers. Moreover, by introducing a constant heat flux similar to conventional TRT into water-filled boreholes or water-filled pipes, convective movements of water will occur and thermal conductivities cannot be obtained. However, immersed probes as a heat source might prevent water convection cells inside a pipe or a borehole. In deep boreholes, the heat flux is depended on the thermal conductivity of each layer. Thus, deep boreholes require a discrete heat introduction into every single layer of different thermal conductivity in order to keep the temperature constant. The thermal conductivity of each layer can be approximated and integrated over the total length of a deep borehole. This effect is analytically and numerically investigated in this study.

Researchers are challenged with preparing and complying with data management plans and open data mandates. The ocean science repository community has demonstrated the benefits of providing FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable) data to its researchers through innovative alliances, robust metadata, and semantic connectivity. Challenges still exist in coordinating science policy, and research services across funders, institutions, and publishers that support the researcher’s data management needs. The convenors of this session request abstracts that focus on the value of FAIR data to the research community and the tools that support data discovery, compliance with data management plans, transparency, reproducibility, and research integrity.

The left-lateral Enriquillo-Plantain Garden Fault (EPGF) is one of two transform systems that define the Northern Caribbean plate boundary zone. Relative motion across its trace (~ 10 mm/yr) evolves from nearly pure strike-slip in western Haiti to transpressional in eastern Haiti, where the fault system may terminate against a south-dipping oblique reverse fault. Lake Azuei is a large (10 km x 25 km) and shallow (< 30 m deep) lake that lies in the direct extension of the EPGF in eastern Haiti. A single core previously collected in the lake suggests high sedimentation rates at its depocenter (~6 mm/yr). The shallow lake stratigraphy is therefore expected to faithfully record any tectonic deformation that occurred within the past few thousand years. In January 2017, we acquired a grid of high-resolution (~10 cm), shallow penetration (~4 to 5 m) subbottom seismic (CHIRP) profiles spaced 1.2 km apart across the entire lake. A new bathymetric map compiled from these CHIRP data and some prior echosounder survey reveals a flat lake floor (<0.01°) surrounded by steep (~5°) shoreline slopes. The CHIRP profiles highlight several gentle folds that protrude from the flat lakebed near the southern shore, an area where transpressional deformation is presumably focused. Thin (< 20 cm) horizontal strata from the lakebed can be traced onto the flanks of these gentle folds and pinch out in an upward curve. They also often pinch upward onto the base of the shoreline slopes, indicating that young sediments on the lakebed bypassed the folds as well as the shoreline slopes. We interpret this feature as diagnostic of sediments deposited by turbidity currents. The fact that young turbidites pinch out in upward curves suggests that the folds are actively growing, and that active contractional structures (folds and/or blind thrust faults) control much of the periphery of the lake. A few sediment cores were strategically located where beds are pinching out in order to maximize stratigraphic records. Two of these cores successfully penetrated strata imaged by the CHIRP profiles. On-going Pb210 dating of sediment samples from the cores should constrain sedimentation rates and thus help quantify the rates of the tectonic deformation.

To assess the tectonic response of near-field and far-field deformation in the upper plate of a subduction/collision system, we present here a thermochronological study on the subduction related-arc Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone(SSZ) and North Central East Iranian Microcontinent (CEIM), respectively as near-field and far-field of the upper plate of Neo-Tethys subduction margin. Samples have been collected from late Middle Jurassic Kolah-Ghazi granitoid (KGg) (ca. 165-170 Ma) in central SSZ, from Upper Cretaceous Kasf granite (ca. 85-100 Ma) and Paleocene-Eocene Kashmar-Azghand Intrusive Complex (KAIC) (ca. 60-41 Ma) from North Doruneh fault which represents the northern mechanical boundary of CIEM. Time-temperature (T-t) inverse modeling on the ZFT, AFT and AHe data has been performed through HeFTY V1.9 program to constrain the thermal/tectonics history of the SSZ and CEIM. Based on the geological field evidence, some independent T-t constraints such as crystallization ages, stratigraphic unconformities, present-day temperature, have been adopted. The T-t inverse modeling of KGg shows: (i) an early episode of cooling in early Lower Cretaceous, during which the intrusive body has been exhumed to the surface (ii) a burial phase during which the KGg as a whole entered the PAZ in consequence of deposition of the Cretaceous successions, and (iii) a last stage corresponding to final exhumation-related cooling started since the Late Cretaceous-Paleocene boundary. The thermal modeling results of Kasf granite shows (i) an early episode of cooling at Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene during which the intrusive bodies and the hosting units have been exhumed to the surface, (ii) second stage corresponding to a burial phase when the Kasf granite as a whole entered the PAZ in consequence of the deposition of the Paleocene-Eocene succession, and (iii) a last stage corresponding to the final exhumation-related cooling, starting since the middle-late Eocene. The thermal modeling results of KAIC shows (i) an episode of enhanced cooling of KAIC at Eocene-Oligocene boundary, (ii) Second stage is characterized by burial phase to temperatures above the PAZ during the Oligocene, (iii) third stage corresponds to exhumation-related cooling during the early Miocene, and (iv) fourth stage corresponds to a renewed episode of enhanced cooling starting at the Miocene-Pliocene transition, during which the KAIC was finally exposed to the surface. These results document that both hinterland near-field and far-field regions respond contemporaneously to the Neotethyan subduction-related exhumation at the Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene boundary. T-t modeling output for Kasf and KAIC also shows Middle-Late Eocene exhumation-related cooling related to the Middle-Late Eocene Zagros collision- related exhumation. T-t modeling output for KAIC also shows Early Miocene and Late Miocene-Pliocene exhumation-related cooling related to the Early Miocene and Late Miocene-Pliocene Zagros collision-related exhumatio

In remote sensing, being able to ensure the accuracy of the satellite data being produced remains an issue; this is especially true for phenological variables such as the Fraction of Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FPAR). FPAR, which is considered an essential climate variable by the Global Terrestrial Observation System (GTOS), utilizes the 400–700 nm wavelength range to quantify the total amount of solar radiation available for photosynthetic use. It is a variable that is strongly influenced by the seasonal, diurnal, and optic properties of vegetation making it an accurate representation of vegetation health. Measurements of ground level FPAR can be completed using flux towers along with a limited number of wireless ground sensors, but due to the finite number and location of these towers, many research initiatives instead use the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) FPAR product, which converts Leaf Area Index (LAI) to a FPAR value using Beer’s Law. This is done despite there being little consensus on whether this is the best method to use for all ecosystems and vegetation types. One particular ecosystem that has had limited study to determine the accuracy of the MODIS derived FPAR products are the Tropical Dry Forests (TDFs) of Latin America. This ecosystem undergoes drastic seasonal changes from leaf off during the dry season to green-up during the wet seasons. This study aims to test the congruency between the MODIS derived FPAR values and ground-based FPAR values in relation to growing season length, growing season start and end dates, the peak and mean of FPAR values, and overall growth/phenological trends at the Santa Rosa National Park Environmental Monitoring Super Site (SR-EMSS) in Costa Rica and FPAR MODIS products. We derive our FPAR from a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consisting of more than 50 nodes measuring transmitted PAR, temperature, relative humidity, and soil moisture over custom time intervals ranging from 2-Hz to 15 min since 2013. Our fundamental goal is to demonstrate how accurate and reflective the MODIS derived FPAR product is of TDF phenology. This will be the first step taken in identifying potential problems with the MODIS derived FPAR products over TDFs in the Americas.

We investigate 85 129 MODIS satellite active fire events from 2007 to 2015 in the Niger Delta of Nigeria. The region is the oil base for Nigerian economy and the hub of oil exploration where oil facilities (i.e. flowlines, flow stations, trunklines, oil wells and oil fields) are domiciled, and from where crude oil and refined products are transported to different Nigerian locations through a network of pipeline systems. Pipeline and other oil facilities are consistently susceptible to oil leaks due to operational or maintenance error, and by acts of deliberate sabotage of the pipeline equipment which often result in explosions and fire outbreaks. We used ground oil spill reports obtained from the National Oil Spill Detection and Response Agency (NOSDRA) database (see www.oilspillmonitor.ng) to validate MODIS satellite data. NOSDRA database shows an estimate of 10 000 spill events from 2007 - 2015. The spill events were filtered to include largest spills by volume and events occurring only in the Niger Delta (i.e. 386 spills). By projecting both MODIS fire and spill as ‘input vector’ layers with ‘Points’ geometry, and the Nigerian pipeline networks as ‘from vector’ layers with ‘LineString’ geometry in a geographical information system, we extracted the nearest MODIS events (i.e. 2192) closed to the pipelines by 1000m distance in spatial vector analysis. The extraction process that defined the nearest distance to the pipelines is based on the global practices of the Right of Way (ROW) in pipeline management that earmarked 30m strip of land to the pipeline. The KML files of the extracted fires in a Google map validated their source origin to be from oil facilities. Land cover mapping confirmed fire anomalies. The aim of the study is to propose a near-real-time monitoring of spill events along pipeline routes using 250 m spatial resolution of MODIS active fire detection sensor when such spills are accompanied by fire events in the study location.

Land surface phenology (LSP) characterizes the vegetated land surface and is practical to understand terrestrial environmentals at a global scale. Regularly observed remotely sensed data such as Landsat, MODIS, and AVHRR contributes to analyze LSP spatially. However, at least two main challenges should be addressed such that (i) the spatial resolution which attributes to the data source may significantly impact to LSP estimation, and (ii) the estimated LSP may not represent the vegetated land surface well due to the mixed land cover. Previous studies have shown that the estimation of LSP from different data is not consistent due to the spatial scale of data but yet fully linked with the mixed land cover problem. Thus, in this study, we attempt to analyze the impact of spatial scale issue to the estimated LSP in homogenous land cover areas. We use freely available remotely sensed data with different spatial resolution such as Landsat (30m), MODIS (250m, 500m, 1km), and GIMMS3g (8km) and estimate phenological indices for each. As land cover description differs among data products, land cover classes are aggregated into 12 classes globally from major global land cover producs (GLCC, GLC2000, and globcover), then spatially homogenuous land cover are only picked up. Phenological indices such as the magnitude and the peak of DOY are calculated by harmonic analysis to compare results among different spatial scales. The variability of phenological indices is explored according to the different spatial scale under the condition of homogenuous land cover. It is expected to model such variability to overcome the spatial scale impact and such characteristics depending on the spatial scale should be taken into account when considering LSP from satellite.

Land surface phenology (LSP) is associated with climate over space and time, and the monitoring of LSP help understandings of the terrestrial environmental changes. The LSP is often inferred by satellite observation, and long-term and regularly composite satellite imagery is now freely available. In this study, we demonstrate how LSP changes over space and time at the global scale over the last three decades by using GIMMS3g datasets. We focus on the magnitude and the timing of the peak of yearly phenological activity, estimated from a harmonic analysis. The first harmonic curve is regarded as a proxy of the overall productivity of vegetation and the second one is interpreted as a sensitive bimodal system changes. Results show the long-term trend of LSP changes; for example the peak of phenogical activity tend to be earlier in high-latitude regions. Land surface phenology (LSP) is associated with climate over space and time, and the monitoring of LSP help understandings of the terrestrial environmental changes. The LSP is often inferred by satellite observation, and long-term and regularly composite satellite imagery is now freely available. In this study, we demonstrate how LSP changes over space and time at the global scale over the last three decades by using GIMMS3g datasets. We focus on the magnitude and the timing of the peak of yearly phenological activity, estimated from a harmonic analysis. The first harmonic curve is regarded as a proxy of the overall productivity of vegetation and the second one is interpreted as a sensitive bimodal system changes. Results show the long-term trend of LSP changes; for example the peak of phenogical activity tend to be earlier in high-latitude regions.

Extreme environmental events have become a major interest of ecologists. Commonly, extreme climatic events are identified based on “changes in the mean conditions” over a discrete period with respect to the longer-term climatology. In this study we aim to: 1) define a different type of extreme event, i.e. weather extreme events: an event with extreme deviation from an expected value (calculated based on past weather conditions) and 2) quantify ecosystem resistance, recovery, and resilience in response to these shock events based on changes in net ecosystem productivity (NEP) measured over 16 years (2004 – 2019), in a montane mixed forest in Switzerland (CH-LAE, Lägeren). In addition to the identification of the physiological extreme events, we test the hypothesis that extremes associated with continuously varying environmental conditions can modify the physiological functionality of a forest ecosystem. We calculated weather extreme;based on half-hourly measurements of atmospheric water demand (i.e. vapor pressure deficit, VPD) measured alongside eddy covariance flux measurements. Between 2004 and 2019, we found 185 such physiological extreme events (VPD-extreme), ranging from one to seven days, that occurred about 27 % in spring and 68 % in summer. On average NEP decreased by 25% during these VPD-extreme days compared to the normal-VPD day before, resulting in mean resistance (NEPextreme/NEPpre-extreme) of 0.75. Mean recovery (NEPpost-extreme/NEEextreme) was about 0.85, indicating about a 15% decrease in NEP on days after the extreme events compared to before. There was no significant trend in resistance, recovery, and resilience over the 16 years.  Finally, decreased functionality during these VPD-extreme days events confirms our hypothesis. Our approach of looking at the forest response to extreme events is independent of “changes of mean conditions from long-term climatology” and focuses on the ability of the ecosystem to maintain functionality within the realm of “continuous environmental variability”. Identification of physiologically-relevant climatic extremes and testing the legacy effect from those events is a crucial requirement for understanding the future response of forests to climate change.

With the rapid rise in flooding events induced by climate change across the globe, effective flood management strategies through modelling have garnered attention over the years. In the present study, we propose a holistic hydrodynamic flood modelling framework to derive the flooding extent. Various hydraulic scenarios are integrated into the framework which consider different combinations of cross-section and lining material options along the river channel for this purpose. A 3-way coupled flood model has been developed in MIKE FLOOD platform, over Mithi river catchment an extremely flood-prone area in Mumbai, the financial capital of India. Flood influencers such as precipitation, flows through the channel, overland, storm-water drains, and tidal influences are considered to generate flood inundation and hazard maps for the scenarios. The dearth of data in the model is met by implementing alternate robust procedures to compute the design values of the influencers. Subsequently, the maps are derived for different return periods of design precipitation, tidal elevation and streamflow values to identify the most desirable scenario. The proposed framework efficiently determines that the scenario having trapezoidal river cross-section with concrete lining material maximizes the decrease in spatial extent of flood in comparison to the other scenarios. This user-friendly generic approach can be potentially executed as an effective flood mitigation option in thickly populated and socially vulnerable regions where lack of space limit the implementation of structural measures for flood management. The framework can prove instrumental particularly for the developing and under-developed countries where application of these strategies is hindered by inadequacy of data.