Groundwater development will provide a more stable water source and enhance food security. Sustainable groundwater development requires collecting and analyzing data produced at global and national levels and disseminating that data and knowledge to end users such as States, NGOs, municipalities, businesses, and agropastoralists in a format that is useful for planning and decision-making. In developing countries, analyzing in situ measurements to de can be challenging due to sparsity of data and lack of tools and expertise. To address these problems we have developed a web-based geospatial tool that ingests in situ water level measurements and performs temporal and spatial interpolation to build interactive animated maps, time series plots, and long-term aquifer depletion curves. We use machine learning to find correlations among Earth observation data, such as precipitation or soil moisture, with water level data and perform more accurate interpolation. This approach ensures that scarce in situ data are used as effectively and accurately as possible. This tool helps water managers gain a better understanding of groundwater resources and determine how aquifers are responding to groundwater development, droughts, and climate change.

The holy grail of ExoPlanet research is finding and characterizing terrestrial planets orbiting in the habitable zones of a neighboring stars. The first question to be answered is: does the planet have an atmosphere, and what is it’s composition. Theory and observation confirm that the one universal atmospheric component should be CO_2. Hence a successful mission must determine it’s presence. The most direct path to detection is through the enormously strong 15 micron vibration-rotation feature of CO_2, hence the technology we’re developing. Because of the CO_2 in the earth’s atmosphere, this requires a space observatory, such as the JWST. Our technology can also be used to detect water vapor and ozone in exoplanet atmospheres, the latter of which indicates abundant life, probably indicative of a ‘Cambrian Explosion’ event on the exoplanet.

Partial melting of the asthenospheric mantle generates the magma that supplies volcanic systems. The timescale of melt extraction from the mantle has been hotly debated. Microstructural measurements of the permeability of partially molten rocks typically suggest relatively slow melt extraction (1 m/yr) [e.g. 1]. By contrast, inferences from geochemical measurements of Uranium series and geophysical observations typically point to much faster melt extraction (100 m/yr) [e.g. 2]. The most recent deglaciation of Iceland caused the mantle below to depressurise, triggering additional mantle melting and magma flux at the surface, which has been extensively mapped. The rapid response of magmatic activity to deglaciation has been used to argue for relatively rapid melt extraction [3,4]. Perhaps, however, this unusual period when magma fluxes increased several-fold is not representative of steady-state melt velocities under Iceland, let alone the mid-ocean ridge system more generally. We develop a one-dimensional, but time-dependent and fully nonlinear, model of the generation and transport of mantle melts force by time-dependent ice unloading. We show that these models are sensitive to the nonlinear nature of the system, namely that the melt velocities are faster during and following a deglaciation event. For a given nonlinear model, we show that an equivalent linear estimate of the steady-state melt velocity is too fast. We calculate an overestimation factor as a function of the factor of mantle melting caused by deglaciation. For the most recent, and best mapped, deglaciation, we show that about 30 m/yr is the best estimate of melt velocity. This is a factor of 3 smaller than previously claimed [4], but still relatively fast. Finally, we discuss the applicability of these results to the mid-ocean ridge system by considering the role of spreading rate and the plume-influence on Iceland. [1] Wark, D. et al. (2003). JGR. doi:10.1029/2001JB001575 [2] Stracke, A., Bourdon, B., & McKenzie, D. (2006). EPSL. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.01.057 [3] Maclennan, J. et al. (2002). Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. doi:10.1029/2001GC000282 [4] Eksinchol I., Rudge J.F., Maclennan J. (2019) Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. doi:10.1029/2019GC008222

From inside the stemflow research community, the past decade’s progress might look great: 1) the number of papers published on stemflow per year has doubled; 2) citations of stemflow publications have more than doubled; and 3) the number of research sites monitoring stemflow is on the rise. However, from a broader perspective, a brief Web of Science bibliometric analysis of the past decade reveals issues with these trends: 1) annual publication numbers have increased year-to-year for most topics in natural science, but stemflow publication trends are lower than related and broader disciplines; 2) self-citation is significantly higher for stemflow research than other disciplines (e.g., 26% compared to 2% for all hydrology); and, most importantly, 3) we may have more stemflow data, but we still lack a clear understanding of stemflow’s mechanistic importance. This creates ambiguities as to whether and how stemflow processes can be incorporated into hydrological models and concepts. In this presentation, I argue that we should progress from using metrics that are exclusively used by those who work on stemflow (e.g., unitless metrics such as funneling and enrichment ratios) towards using scaled flux-per-unit-area metrics that may support better integration into hydrological and ecological models (e.g., water or chemical yield per unit canopy area). While the magnitudes of funneling and enrichment ratios from individual plants have effectively conveyed to broader audiences the possibility for stemflow to play important roles in ecosystem functioning, I argue that we need to now move onto mechanistic investigations of stemflow’s impact on specific processes at ecohydrologically relevant scales. Dimensionless (often individual plant-scale) funneling-type metrics may not be useful in this regard, as they tell us nothing about where stemflow goes or what roles stemflow may play in the ecosystem. They also rely on an estimate of infiltration area, which has rarely been observed to date. Their use is further limited to falling liquid-phase rain, which prevents comparison of stemflow observations/processes under occult precipitation (fog, condensation) or mixed and solid-phase precipitation (snow, rime, etc). Please view the “Make Stemflow Unit-ed Again” companion video on YouTube: https://youtu.be/4vPk9m45V0c

Soil respiration represents one of the dominant fluxes of CO2 from terrestrial ecosystems to the atmosphere, therefore, it is important to understand how it is controlled across a wide variety of sites. As part of developing a soil respiration data product based on freely available National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) data, soil respiration rates were calculated at 30 sites throughout the USA (from Puerto Rico to North Dakota and Virginia to California) to investigate controls on soil respiration at a continental scale. The sites spanned a wide range of ecosystems, including deserts, grasslands, and forests, as well as managed and wildland sites. Soil respiration was calculated in 30-minute intervals using the gradient method based on soil CO2 concentrations measured at three different depths in conjunction with estimates of soil CO2 diffusivity based on soil physical properties, soil moisture and temperature profiles, and barometric pressure. Inevitably with such a large number of data inputs, the temporal coverage of good quality (i.e., unflagged) soil respiration values was relatively low (8%) because one or more of the input data were flagged, but this was significantly higher for some sites and soil plots (maximum: 58%). Ongoing efforts to increase the quality of input data are expected to substantially improve temporal coverage. Despite these gaps, over 54,000 unflagged half-hourly soil respiration data points were generated for the period of Apr-Jun 2019 (the temporal range and the number of sites will be increased further over coming months). Across all sites and times, soil temperature and soil moisture explained only a moderate amount of variation in soil respiration (20%). However, including site in the model increased the proportions of variation explained to 85%, indicating the importance of site-specific properties, such as vegetation and microbial community composition and the accessibility of soil carbon, in controlling soil respiration rates. Within each site, soil temperature was typically positively correlated with respiration and in the cases where it was not, this was often due to large fluxes of CO2 leaving the soil during snowmelt. The relationship between soil moisture and respiration within each site was more variable, with both positive and negative relationships observed.

Due to the effects of climate change, the USA Southwest is expected to experience increased temperatures and decreased water availability. Extended droughts will likely have important consequences for riparian trees whose growth and habitat are strongly limited by water availability. One consequence of extended water table declines on riparian trees is the development of wood anatomical anomalies. Using techniques developed for quantitative wood anatomy (QWA) it may be possible to quantify these anomalies and reconstruct water table variability through time. We explore this possibility using tree rings from netleaf hackberry (Celtis laevigata var. reticulata) collected along the Upper Santa Cruz River, Arizona. We suggest hackberry has the potential to be used 1) as an indicator of riparian ecosystem health, and 2) to provide improved reconstructions of water availability. Understanding how hackberry responds to periods of low and high flows can provide insight into how to better manage these ecosystems into the future.

We inspected a distribution of events in spatial and temporal scales for two earthquake sequences of South Korea: the obtained spatiotemporal evolutions suggested a fault geometry in meter-scale without geological information and an expansion of hypocentral area without surface ruptures for the 2013 Boryeong offshore earthquake sequence and the 2016 Gyeongju earthquakes, respectively. The 2013 Boryeong offshore earthquake sequence was the consecutive occurrence of earthquakes (ML 1.3-3.8) over a two-month period in the Yellow Sea, west of the Korean Peninsula. The relocated 149 events formed a clear lineament in map view, which proceeded mainly toward NE without an obvious mainshock. The sequence, however, had a backward migration toward SW at first and produced the largest event that occurred after a pause of the sequence. We defined four event groups from the sequence using dendrogram for waveform similarity. The four event groups formed four distinct segments in spatial scale and showed its own features in temporal scale. The length of the second segment, 250 m, was comparable to the rupture length of the largest event (ML 3.8). The 2016 Gyeongju earthquake (ML 5.8), the largest instrumentally recorded event in South Korea, occurred at the southeastern part of the Korean Peninsula. We determined the expansion of the hypocentral zone from relocated 536 hypocenters during the first three months of the Gyeongju earthquake sequence. The foreshock zone covered depths of 13-15.3 km, with a length of 2 km in map view. The mainshock occurred 1 km south of the foreshock. The aftershocks, occurring within 12 hr, then widened the hypocentral area in the strike direction by ~1 km toward NNE and expanded it toward the surface. In this sequence, we observed that the strike of fault plane inferred from the hypocenter distribution was shifted slightly after the mainshock. The hypocentral area was finally stretched in the strike direction over ~1 km toward SSW by the largest aftershock (ML 4.5) that occurred 7 days after the mainshock and following events.

Tracing the field in the past at the centennial and millennial timescale (i.e., the archeomagnetic timescale) is important in improving geomagnetic field models and also for field forecast analyses. The distribution of archeomagnetic data across the globe is very inhomogeneous with almost all data coming from the northern hemisphere, particularly from Europe and Asia. Yet, the southern hemisphere is the one presenting the highest variability for the past millennia and, it is also the region comprising the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA). The SAA is characterized by the lowest total field intensity and it is presently located in Southern Brazil. Some studies suggest that SAA is a persistent field feature in South Atlantic for periods longer than historical times, but the beginning of the influence of strong non-dipole fields at the centennial-scale evolution in South Atlantic region, could give important information about the recurrence of SAA at longer timescales. Here, we report six new high-quality archeointensity results for the Pelotas city region, in South Brazil with ages ranging from 1790 to 1943 CE. Archeointensity measurements were performed with the double heating technique, including partial termoremanent magnetization (pTRM) checks and pTRM tail-checks. Measurements were corrected from anisotropy of TRM and cooling-rate. Archeointensity results vary from 36.4±0.6 μT to 27.8±2.0 μT. The new data complement previous results obtained in South and Southeast Brazil, Argentina and Chile and provide additional evidence for the rapid decay of the field in the region. In addition, it demonstrates the gradual increase in the contribution of non-dipolar components in the geomagnetic field of South America since 1800 CE, therefore tracking the arrival of the South Atlantic Anomaly to these times.

Chapter 25 of the Fourth National Climate Assessment (NCA4) is an assessment of climate change and variability, climate-related risks, impacts and adaptation in the U.S. Southwest. The chapter builds on assessments of climate change in the Southwest from the three previous U.S. National Climate Assessments. Each assessment has consistently identified drought, water resource reliability, and loss of ecosystem integrity as climate change challenges for the Southwest region. Chapter 25 further examines interconnections among water, ecosystems, coastal and marine systems, food, and human health and adds new key messages concerning energy and Indigenous peoples. The Southwest chapter is one of 29 chapters in Volume II of the Fourth National Climate Assessment - Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States. The National Climate Assessment fulfills the mandate of the Global Change Research Act (GCRA) of 1990 to provide the nation with a timely assessment and analysis of scientific findings of the effects of global change on multiple economic and natural resource sectors in the United States, and an analysis of observed and projected trends in global change. Chapter 25, Southwest, was written by a team of scientists and practitioners with expertise spanning areas specified in the GCRA, after extensive stakeholder engagement that involved the collection of input on key climate-related challenges, impacts, and opportunities in the Southwest region. The chapter went through multiple rounds of public and governmental review, during 2017 and 2018. This poster will focus on the findings from Chapter 25.

Abstract Gas relative permeability, krg, is a key parameter to determine gas production in unconventional reservoirs. Several theoretical approaches were proposed to study gas relative permeability in tight and ultra-tight porous rocks. Some models are based on a “bundle of capillary tubes” concept. Some others were developed based upon a combination of universal scaling laws from percolation theory and the effective-medium approximation (EMA). Although applications from the EMA have been successfully used to estimate single-phase permeability in permeable media (Ghanbarian et al., 2017; Ghanbarian and Javadpour, 2017), non-universal scaling from the EMA has never been invoked to model gas relative permeability in tight and/or ultra-tight porous rocks. In this study, it was assumed that pore-throat sizes follow the log-normal distribution. It was further assumed that gas transport in shales is mainly controlled by molecular and hydraulic flow, two mechanisms contributing in parallel. Using the EMA, effective pore-throat radii, effective conductances, and gas relative permeabilities were determined at various gas saturations. Comparison with three-dimensional pore-network simulations showed that the proposed krg model estimated gas relative permeability accurately. We also compared our model with experimental data reported in Yassin et al. (2016) including three Montney tight gas siltstone samples from the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin. Results showed that our model estimated krg reasonably well, although it slightly overestimated krg. This might be because the fitted log-normal probability density function underestimated the probability of small pore-throat sizes. References Ghanbarian, B., & Javadpour, F. (2017). Upscaling pore pressure‐dependent gas permeability in shales. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 122(4), 2541-2552. Ghanbarian, B., Torres-Verdin, C., Lake, L. W., & Marder, M. P. (2017). Upscaling gas permeability in tight-gas sandstones. AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts. New Orleans LA. Yassin, M. R., Dehghanpour, H., Wood, J., & Lan, Q. (2016). A theory for relative permeability of unconventional rocks with dual-wettability pore network. SPE Journal, 21(06), 1970-1980.

Magnetic flux ropes (MFRs) are believed to be one kind of fundamental structures in solar eruptions, of which the formation is being intensely studied. Here we report a rapid buildup process of an MFR during a confined X2.2 class flare that occurred on 2017 September 6 in NOAA AR 12673, three hours after which the MFR erupted as a major coronal mass ejection (CME) accompanied by an X9.3 class flare. For the X2.2 class flare, we do not find separation of the two flare ribbons and clear CME signature in the coronagraph images, suggesting it to be confined. For the X9.3 class flare, apparent separation of the two ribbons and a CME show it to be an eruptive one. We perform a time sequence of nonlinear force-free fields (NLFFFs) extrapolations covering the two flares and find that: although the flux-weighted mean twist number of the MFR was almost unchanged prior to the eruptive flare, the axial flux and magnetic helicity of the MFR were dramatically enhanced after the confined flare, as much as 86% for the former and 260% for the latter. The above three parameters were all significantly reduced after the eruptive flare. It clearly evidences the buildup and release of the MFR during the confined and eruptive flare, respectively. The buildup of the MFR may be achieved by reconnection during the confined flare. We also calculate the pre-flare distributions of the decay index above the main polarity inversion line (PIL) and do not find any significant difference. It indicates that the enhancement of the MFR flux may play a role in facilitating the subsequent successful eruption.

The ocean floor broadband seismology has been established based on several practical observations by using broadband ocean bottom seismometer (BBOBS) and its new generation system (BBOBS-NX) in Japan since 1999. The data obtained by our BBOBS and BBOBS-NX is adequate for broadband seismic analyses, especially the BBOBS-NX enables the quality of the horizontal data comparable to land sites in longer periods (10 s –). And, the BBOBS-NX with tilt measurement function, BBOBST-NX, is in practical evaluation for the mobile tilt observation that may realize a dense seafloor geodetic monitoring with low cost. The weak point of the BBOBS-NX system lies in the intrinsic limitation of the submersible in its operation. If this system can be operated alone like as the BBOBS, it should be a true breakthrough of ocean bottom seismology. We call this new autonomous BBOBS-NX as the NX-2G in short. Several problems to realize the NX-2G have been almost cleared through test observations since 2012. The function of the NX-2G system is based on 3 stage operations as shown in the image. The glass float is added to obtain enough buoyancy to extract the sensor unit from the seafloor and also to suppress the oscillating tilt of the system in descending, not to exceed the tilt allowance of the broadband seismic sensor. In Oct. 2016, the first in-situ test of the NX-2G system was performed. The landing of the NX-2G looked well and the maximum tilt in descending was about ±2.5°, that ensured the effective suppression for the oscillating tilt by the glass float. As the final step test of the NX-2G, the one-year-long observation has been started in April 2017 with the BBOBS deployed nearby, to obtain simultaneous data for the noise level evaluation. The free-fall deployment and the transition from the landing stage to the observation stage were completed, those were monitored through the acoustic communication from the ship. This NX-2G was recovered in Oct. 2018 with the ROV, KAIKO Mk-IV, to watch the transition from the observation stage to the recovery stage at the seafloor. All function of the NX-2G at the seafloor was perfect with immediate extraction of the sensor unit. Noise level comparison with the BBOBS shows about 10 dB improvement that is not enough as expected, which may lie in a small tension of the cable between the sensor unit and the recording unit. And, scenes of the landing and the first transition were selfied by the Deep-Sea CAM.

In long-established cities such as Detroit, MI, stormwater runoff from impervious surfaces (roads, roofs, etc.) is combined with sanitary waste and piped beneath the city to a wastewater treatment plant. These engineered methods of water management, termed gray infrastructure, currently dominate management practices but have drawbacks due to issues of cost, capacity, reliability, and maintenance requirements. In addition, combined sewer systems in cities like Detroit can become overwhelmed during extreme storm events, requiring the diversion of untreated sewage into local bodies of water. In a world of growing urbanization and intensifying storm events, the development of innovative approaches to stormwater management is expected to play a large role in mitigating negative environmental impacts from polluted urban runoff and flooding. The eco-friendly counterpart of gray infrastructure, known as green infrastructure (green roofs, rain gardens, bioswales, etc.), is an integrated approach to stormwater management that utilizes decentralized infiltration systems to mimic the natural processes of water filtration and deceleration. Correspondingly, our research focuses on a bioswale that was retrofitted into the center island of a previously designed parking lot in the post-industrial urban ecosystem of Detroit. The main goals of our work are to: 1) quantify potential pollutant removal, 2) quantify runoff infiltration capacity, and 3) provide qualitative insight into best management practices for future bioswale retrofits. We collected soil samples from 2 depths (30 and 45 cm) at 9 points from the bioswale for characterization (pH, organic matter, electric conductivity, and texture). We also collected and analyzed undisturbed soil cores with and without added metal contaminants common to Detroit and with a surface addition of biochar to test infiltration and determine the potential of increased contaminant sorption. The results will allow us to advance with an improved design and methodology and convey a strong argument for the expansion of bioswales and other forms of green infrastructure across the greater Detroit area, potentially leading to a more robust system of controlling stormwater that brings aesthetics, health, and a wide array of ecosystem services to a redeveloping concrete jungle.

The frontier of wildfire-related risk assessment is moving into data science territory, and with good reason. Computational statistics, built on a foundation of high resolution remote sensing data, ground data, and theory, forms the basis of powerful risk assessment tools. The need for data based risk assessment has increased in past years, in view of longer wildfire seasons in the U.S., associated with more frequent droughts, more human ignitions and accumulating fuel loads. We present an application of machine learning (ML), which makes it possible to analyze complex data without a priori definition of interactions—this is a major advantage because these interactions are not known beforehand. Specifically, we build a stochastic gradient boosting machine (GBM) toolkit to assess the change in river flow after wildfire in the contiguous United States (CONUS) over a 5-year period. The GBM accounts for nonlinear relationships and interactions between wildland fire characteristics, watershed geometry, climate variability, topography and land cover. Building the GBM is a sequential process where a loss function is minimized at each fold, along a gradient defined by pseudo-residuals. This process allows the program to progressively learn more about how the variables in the large dataset interact to result in the response (i.e., river flow). Our results show that wildfires increase annual river flow in the CONUS when more than 20% of a gaged basin is burned. Data science tools like the GBM presented here, are essential in generating practical knowledge on how wildfire impacts on ecohydrology can ultimately affect hydrological services, socio-hydrosystems and water security in fire-affected regions.

Das2 describes a collection of cooperating programs originally created to support daily review and analysis activities of the Cassini Radio and Plasma Wave Science (RPWS) investigation. The system proved useful and is now relied on for rapid access to working data sets from many planetary missions including Mars Express and Juno, as well as ground-based radio astronomy results from the Nançay Decameter Array and Long Wave Array 1. As more teams have begun using das2 tools, the need for updates to what was largely an in-house protocol have become apparent. Though Autoplot continues to be the most flexible and commonly used das2 client program, interfacing with other tools would benefit the research community. We will provide an overview of recent updates to the das2 interface definition supporting redundant servers and federated data source catalogs. We will describe a cross site deployment between Southwest Research Institute and the University of Iowa to aid collaboration among ASPERA-3 and MARSIS investigators. We will give an update on the status of new client libraries for NumPy and IDL, as well as das2 stream adapters for HAPI and VOTables. Finally, we will describe how working data sets can be published in-place by registering das2 data sources with a VESPA EPN-TAP service.

Land use sector is important in stabilizing global mean temperature rise to 2 °C or less, because land use changes are likely to affect the climate system. Changes in the extent and magnitude of local-to-regional climate by anthropogenic modifications of land use are still largely debated. In this study, we simulate and analyze the climate response to different ranges of idealized extreme land cover changes with two regional climate models (COSMO-CLM v.4.8 and WRF v.3.9.1 in EURO-CORDEX (European branch of the international Coordinated Regional climate Downscaling Experiment-CORDEX initiative) domain. Different experiments are envisioned in this study, including a control run and simulations based on idealized extensive deforestation (replacement of today forestland to bare land or herbaceous vegetation) or afforestation (conversion of today cropland to evergreen needle-leaf forest or deciduous broad-leaf forest). The simulations also include more realistic land cover changes across different land cover classes. The investigated parameters will be the changes of temperature, precipitation, and frequency of temperature extremes at both the entire EURO-CORDEX domain (regional scale) and the changed grids (local scale). Results will also be compared to observation data gathered from satellite retrievals. In the grid cell affected by land cover change, we expect to find temperature changes that are more significant than in non-affected areas. A latitudinal pattern and seasonal variability should also emerge. Of particular interest will be the understanding of the spatial patterns of the climate response to the individual types of land cover changes, their sensitivity to space and location, and the analysis of possible correlations with key vegetation and climate parameters. As biophysical effects from land cover changes shape European climate in different ways, further developments and better understanding of land-climate interactions can ultimately assist decision makers to modulate land management strategies at different scales in light of climate change mitigation and adaptation.

Long period magnetotelluric (MT) data is being collected as a component of the USArray covering the continent of North America at a quasi-regular grid. Data from 250 MT stations were acquired covering the north-western part of the United States of America (USA). Dimensionality analysis was applied using Swift skew, Bahr skew and ellipticity. Results show a 1-D/2-D character for the short periods (< 1 sec) for the shallower structures, while the longer periods (> 1 sec) shows a 3-D character for the deeper structures. Two dimensional Occam inversion was applied for a set of E-W trending profiles to map the regional electrical resistivity distribution to a depth up to crust/mantle transition zone. 2-D resistivity structures were obtained by inverting both the transverse electric (TM) and transverse magnetic (TM) modes. Results show a resistive upper crust with a decreasing resistivity for lower crust. To the west, the subudcting Gorda plate was mapped as a relatively higher resistivity body nearly equal to the Wyoming basin to the east. Thick resistive lithosphere was mapped under Wyoming to the east. The results of this research shows the distribution of the electrical resistivity with adequate details for the shallow depth, while 3D inversion is necessary for the larger depths.

The fragility of human life has been tragically demonstrated through history by numerous natural hazards (e.g. earthquakes, tsunami, drought, floods, volcanic eruptions and landslides) leading in some cases to large-scale disasters. Given that the natural processes that underpin such hazards will continue into the foreseeable future, there is widespread international agreement about the need to focus on reducing risk and increasing resilience. In line with such objectives, Indigenous knowledge (IK) in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) is increasingly being recognised as an alternative domain of understanding and knowing, that is highly relevant to present-day societal challenges such as natural hazards and disasters. In Aotearoa-New Zealand, rapid social, political and environmental changes have led a growing chorus of Māori leaders expressing the need to have their perspectives and histories surrounding diverse natural hazards and risk heard. Some of the contributions that Māori knowledge can make to the management and mitigation of natural hazards in Aotearoa-New Zealand have already been identified, but much remains to be done before plural knowledge learning and development can take place. In this presentation we will explore some of the benefits of epistemological and empirical differences in knowledge about natural hazards, and consider how scientific and Māori complexes of knowing and being can inform one another to contribute to effective DRR and Recovery.