CHALLENGES Submarine channels, erosional features on the world’s continental margins, are of great interest as they prove to be a prolific reservoir around Gulf of Mexico, offshore Brazil and western coast of Africa. The main challenge is to highlight the channels and extract them as 3D objects from 3D-seismic data, as conventional approach to delineate and map submarine channels in current data set is difficult owing to presence of subtle thin submarine channels. METHODOLOGY This 3D-seismic survey from Poseidon 3D prospect of the Browse Basin spans an area of 4070 km with an orientation of 310° North. Submarine channels are present in the Late Cretaceous Woolaston formation. Generalized Spectral Decomposition and Sweetness attributes have been used in this study to identify submarine channels. Generalized Spectral Decomposition attribute volumes were generated at different frequencies to identify some of the resolved channels. The Sweetness attribute, on the other hand, was helpful in distinguishing other channels based on the amplitude envelope and instantaneous frequency. The Sweetness attribute, after blending with Generalized Spectral Decomposition attribute, was used for Geobody (3-D objects) extraction from the seismic data. Significant enhancement of channels and suppressing background features was accomplished by controlling the opacity of the volume. It was followed by extraction and editing of Geobodies. RESULT AND CONCLUSION The current data set in Browse basin has up to 10 submarine channels in Cretaceous, most of them being subtle and difficult to map in 3D-seismic data. An alternate methodology to characterize submarine channels by using Generalized Spectral Decomposition and Sweetness attribute helped to mitigate the challenge. Generalized Spectral Decomposition attribute could delineate some submarine channels that got tuned at specific frequencies. The Sweetness attribute was helpful in distinguishing other channels using the amplitude envelope and instantaneous frequency. Further, the process of extracting submarine channels as ‘Geobodies’ from seismic volume, proved to be very valuable as it can be directly used for volumetric estimation of prospects. Thus, the methodology discussed in this study can be used as a reference to characterize and quantify submarine channels.

Climate model simulations of rainfall in the tropics suffer from pervasive biases, and that can lead to degraded climate simulations in other regions as well. Over the past two decades, high-resolution satellite measurements of tropical rainfall have become available. These data are most commonly used to constrain physics-based climate models by validating statistical properties of rainfall such as means and variances. However, the satellite data contain a wealth of spatiotemporal information on sub-diurnal timescales that can be used to construct predictive models. This study explores the feasibility of predicting rainfall from atmospheric state using a hierarchy of empirical models. Our empirical approach is similar to the physics-based approach in that vertical profiles of atmospheric state at a particular instant of time serve as the predictors, and rainfall over a subsequent time period is the predictand. However, we allow the empirical model to “learn” from data to determine the model parameters. Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) decomposition is applied to vertical profiles from NASA MERRA-2 reanalysis to select the dominant predictor modes at analysis time 00 UTC. Rain predictions for the subsequent 6-hour period (00-06 UTC) are separated into different types from TRMM satellite data: stratiform, deep convective, and shallow convective. For each rain type, two generalized linear statistical models (logistic regression for rain occurrence and gamma regression for rain amount) are trained on 2003 data and used to predict during 2004. The results show that the statistical approach can predict spatial patterns and amplitudes of tropical rainfall in the time-averaged sense. The first EOF of humidity and the second EOF of temperature contribute most to prediction. In addition to generalized linear models, other common machine learning techniques (support vector machine and random forest) are compared. Furthermore, marginal nonlinear relationships between predictand and individual predictor are explored via a nonparametric regression technique. Interestingly, incorporating the identified marginal nonlinear relationship into the generalized linear model does not improve the prediction, suggesting that these marginal nonlinear effects are explained by other predictors in the model.

Peatland soils are of great interest for study and management because of their high carbon contents and known role in the global carbon cycle. However, carbon stocks have yet to be constrained in many wetland ecosystems. Relative to bogs, fens and saline coastal ecosystems, less is known about carbon stocks in freshwater marsh soils despite their global prevalence, and it is not well understood how disturbance of freshwater marshes may affect carbon-climate dynamics. To better understand the potential for freshwater marshes to be net carbon sinks, we review how freshwater marshes and associated soils are classified, and synthesize available data on short- and long-term rates of carbon accumulation in freshwater marsh soils in temperate North America. Although often described as mineral-based, our findings suggest that freshwater marshes are not restricted to mineral substrates, and that inconsistencies in classification may underestimate presumed carbon stocks. Organic carbon contents and bulk density measurements are highly variable, and can range between 1-45% and 0.04-1.5 g cm-3, respectively. Moreover, rates of carbon accumulation in freshwater marshes are often measured over recent time scales (50-100 years; on average 155 +/- 74 g C m-2 yr-1), while long-term rates (measured over centuries and millennia; on average 51 +/- 38 g C m-2 yr-1) are much more scarce. We suspect that short-term rates are markedly greater than long-term rates of carbon accumulation because they do not account for long-term carbon loss and may reflect large increases in sedimentation since European settlement in North America. However, we also suspect that long-term carbon storage in freshwater marsh soils is underestimated, and that freshwater marshes can have long-term rates of carbon accumulation similar to those reported for temperate peatlands. In this presentation, we will show that variability of rates of carbon accumulation, rates of sediment accretion, bulk density and organic carbon content in freshwater marshes needs to be better constrained in order to accurately quantify their regional and global carbon pools. We will discuss the importance for scientists to specify timeframes over which they are measuring rates of carbon accumulation so that the capacity for wetlands to be net carbon sinks can be correctly understood.

Since initially developing laser ablation (U-Th)/He procedures for high-spatial-resolution dating of monazite more than a decade ago, our research group has refined the technique to the point that laser ablation dating of apatite, titanite, and zircon is now routine in the Arizona State University (Group 18) laboratories. We are actively exploring applications to additional minerals. Compared to conventional single-crystal (U-Th)/He dating, the laser ablation alternative offers some important advantages. Following appropriate analytical protocols, laser ablation dates require no alpha ejection corrections. In principle, most factors commonly believed to cause high apparent age dispersion in conventional datasets – parent element zoning, alpha particle implantation, and the presence of high-(U+Th) inclusions – can be mitigated using the laser ablation method. Analytical throughput is greatly enhanced compared to the conventional method because sample dissolution is not required for U+Th+Sm analysis. This is especially beneficial for detrital studies; in this presentation, we review examples of Group 18 research involving (U-Th)/He and U/Pb laser ablation double dating of detrital apatite and zircon. The principal limitations to the method are that: 1) relatively large grain sizes (≥ 100 μm) are sometimes required for especially young or low-(U-Th) materials; and 2) analytical uncertainties for these materials can be as much as a factor of two larger for laser ablation dates than for conventional dates due to a combination of the much smaller masses analyzed and uncertainties in the U, Th, and Sm concentrations of available appropriate standards. Frontier applications of this technology advance our understanding of the intracrystalline distribution of radiogenic 4He in accessory minerals. Here we show examples of both two-dimensional mapping of 4He in polished crystal interiors and one-dimensional depth profiling as practiced in the Group 18 laboratories. Zoning in 4He is very common in older crystals, and 4He distribution patterns can be much more complex than what might be expected simply from alpha ejection or grain-scale diffusive loss during cooling. Much of this complexity reflects non-concentric zoning in parent elements and, for older crystals, spatially variable radiation damage that results in spatially variable 4He diffusivity. The potential impacts of such phenomena on thermal and exhumation history modeling argue for a greater reliance on microanalytical procedures in (U-Th)/He thermochronology moving forward.

Exhumation in continental and oceanic arc settings is linked to tectonic and climatic forces that result in some of the highest topography and erosion rates in the world. Regional exhumation studies of oceanic arcs are sparse due to poor exposure, accessibility, complex inherited structures, and thermal overprinting due to magmatism, reburial, and metamorphism. In contrast, the Aleutian arc has an unusually thick crust, exceptional subaerial exposure of plutons, and limited regional thermal overprinting, providing the ideal conditions for a systematic thermochronology study that investigates the mechanisms that lead to arc exhumation. By analyzing multiple chronometers (apatite and zircon (U-Th)/He, zircon U-Pb) with different temperature sensitivities within the same plutonic sample, we can constrain uplift and erosion rates over ~40 million years of Aleutian arc history. Here, we present preliminary apatite and zircon (U-Th)/He ages from 23 plutonic samples from the islands of Unalaska, Umnak, Atka, Ilak, and Amatignak. These data are part of a larger study where we will analyze a total of 78 samples collected from 11 plutons along >1400 km of the Central Aleutian Islands. Ultimately, this dataset will provide a regional framework to quantitatively assess the various proposed mechanisms for Aleutian arc exhumation, such as; 10° Pacific plate rotation, subduction of the Kula ridge, and/or pluton emplacement, each of which has predictable and testable geographic age trends. The samples analyzed are from plutons that crystallized in the Oligocene to Miocene based on zircon U-Pb dating. Both zircon and apatite (U-Th)/He ages also show an Oligocene to Miocene spread, with a majority of the ages from both chronometers pooling at 7-13 Ma and no particular geographic trend. These preliminary results suggest that a significant exhumation event occurred in the late Miocene, as has been observed in other circum-Pacific arcs. These preliminary data may support the hypothesis that the late Miocene pulse of high plutonism in the Aleutian Islands led to arc exhumation. However, additional samples need to be analyzed to provide an arc-scale view of exhumation timing, trends, and rates of the Central Aleutian arc in order to test possible uplift and erosion scenarios.

The One Health concept provides a framework to examine the linkages between human, animal, plant, environmental, and ecosystem health. This framework can be represented as a multi-dimensional matrix tool that can be used to examine and address complex GeoHealth challenges. This matrix tool facilitates comprehensive, systems-based thinking and can include up to four dimensions depending upon users' needs. This presentation will briefly review the One Health matrix tool and apply it, as an example, to examine the global impact of human and animal fecal wastes. Applying the tool reveals linkages between food-borne illnesses, food insecurity, antimicrobial resistance, and climate change. Understanding these linkages is necessary for developing effective and equitable public policies that are needed to achieve many of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals.

In the last few years, the relationship between reconnection and turbulence has received significant attention. A surprising recent result is that laminar reconnection has been shown to exhibit a power law spectrum consistent with the Kolmogorov law of turbulence1. However, there still exists an unanswered question: “Is magnetic reconnection fundamentally an energy cascade?”. The energy cascade can be measured directly as a function of spatial scale length using the generalized von-Karman Howarth equation based on the framework of incompressible Hall MHD2. In this study, we apply this technique to 2.5D kinetic particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations of strong turbulence and laminar reconnection, comparing the two to study the flow of energy across spatial scales (lags). Both the turbulence and reconnection simulations show similar behavior, implying that reconnection fundamentally involves an energy cascade. The largest lags are dominated by a steady decrease in energy (second order structure functions) which drives the global system dynamics. At smaller lags, a relatively constant flow (cascade) of energy occurs from large to small scales which can be associated with an MHD inertial range. At still smaller lags, the rate of energy flow decreases considerably, and this energy flux is dominated by Hall physics. In the reconnection simulation, the cascade of energy is strongly correlated with the reconnection rate, with both shutting off at similar times. References: Adhikari et al., Phys. Plasmas 27, 042305 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5128376 Hellinger et al., ApJ Letters 857, L19 (2018); http://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aabc06

Improving nutrient and water uptake in crops is one of the major challenges to sustain a fast-growing population that faces increasingly nutrient limited soils. Root hairs, which are specialized epidermal cells, are important drivers of nutrient and water uptake from the soil. Microscopy provides a mean to record root hairs as digital images. However, due to their geometry and complex spatial arrangements quantifying root hairs in microscopy images manually remains a bottleneck. Manual selection of representative root hairs can result in inaccurate estimations of root hair traits and misrepresentation of root hair functions. We present a method to quantify phenotypes automatically by measuring all individual root hairs in digital microscopy images. Our method uses random forests classification to separate root hair from the parent root and the image background. We define metrics to evaluate segments of root hairs that intersect or form blobs of two or more root hairs. Using simulated annealing for combinatorial optimization, we reconstruct individual root hairs by resolving intersections in a globally optimal way. As a result, we measure root hair length, its distribution, and root hair density in each image. We validate our method on examples of three maize cultivars under phosphorus, nitrogen, and potassium stress. Results show that our measurements of root hair traits strongly correlate with manually measured validation data in mean root hair length (Pearson-correlation: 0.74 to 0.88, p<.001), as well as in root hair density (Pearson-correlation: 0.65 to 0.84, p<.001). We show that our method distinguishes subtle differences between genotypes and treatments based on the extracted traits and believe that our study paves a way towards identifying the genetic control of root hair traits and increased agricultural production.

The Wayanad Schist Belt (WSB) located along the southern margin of the Western Dharwar Craton (WDC) is a small discontinuous schistose belt occur as pockets and patches within basement gneisses. WSB is oriented parallel to the E-W trending Moyar Shear Zone (MSZ) separating the WDC and Southern Granulite Terrane (SGT). The major rock types include metapelitic schists, metamafic schists, banded magnetite quartzite, pyroxene granulite, amphibolite, metapyroxenite, mylonite, hornblende-biotite schist/gneiss, micaceous quartzite etc. The fabrics in schistose rocks are defined mostly by the orientation of shape-preferred aggregates of biotite-chlorite-muscovite-sillimanite (in metapelites) and tremolite-talc-chlorite-actinolite (in metamafites). Whereas the gneissic fabric is defined by the quartz-plagioclase rich leucocratic layers and biotite-garnet-amphibole-pyroxene rich melanocratic layers. The WSB has undergone at least three phases of deformation. The most prominent fabric in WSB is the E-W to ESE-WNW trending sub-vertical foliations developed during the D3 deformation. Poles to the steep-dipping S3 foliations are WNW-ESE trending and the F3 folds are steeply plunging in nature. At the low strain domains of D3 deformation the early foliations are preserved. The N-S to NNW-SSE trending sub-vertical S2 fabric developed axial planar to moderately tight to open (F2) folds during D2 deformation. The early S1 foliations are rarely preserved in the interfolial domains of S2 foliation. In the regional scale, the poles to S1 fabrics lie on a well-defined girdle with NE-SW trending upright asymmetric folds. The U-Th-total Pb dating of texturally controlled monazites from WSB has yielded prominent age populations at around 700-850 Ma and 500-600 Ma with minor age peaks at 2.2-2.3 Ga, 2.4-2.6 Ga. The structural and chronological data suggest that, the deformation events in WSB are similar to that reported from the WDC. However, the D3 deformation is more prominent and all the earlier fabrics are truncated or brought into parallelism with the S3 fabric during D3 deformation. The 700-850 Ma and 500-600 Ma monazite growths post-tectonic with respect to the D3 deformation indicates that the Neoproterozoic accretionary events affected the whole SGT must have recrystallized the monazites present in the MSZ.

Africa is a continent with great assets for Astrophysics and Planetology (including astrobiology): skies unpolluted with anthropogenic light, meteorites and impact structures, and vast sedimentary-metamorphic-igneous records of early Earth’ geologic evolution. Aware of these assets, a community of scientists is involved in increasingly ambitious projects. Their original works notably highlight the African scientific heritage, alongside engagement in economic, cultural and societal development. One of the notable achievements of this group is the observation of three stellar occultations by asteroids in Senegal, in direct support of NASA missions of exploration of the Solar System. The first campaign was achieved in August 2018, in support of the flyby of Kuiper belt object Arrokoth by the New Horizons spacecraft. The second and third campaigns, in September 2020 and October 2021, in preparation for the upcoming flybys of Trojan asteroids Polymele and Orus by NASA’s Lucy mission, were led by Senegalese scientists, supported by a few European astronomers. Other notable achievements include fieldwork at potential or known impact structures (including search of tektites in Côte d’Ivoire), providing opportunities for student training and local education. Members of our group have also launched the first popular science magazine on astronomy (in French) (l’Astronomie Afrique). Last, founding the RISE 5A project (Astronomy and Astrophysics Arising Across Africa), with proposal intended to be resubmitted to the Horizon Europe program in 2022, together with some joint educational initiatives linking Egypt and Spain, will hopefully open new opportunities for staff and students exchanges between Europe and Africa. These achievements also impart an enduring engagement of the youth, while reinforcing the role of West African scientists in the scientific, cultural, and economic development of their countries and communities worldwide.

The univariate statistics of potassium (K) and thorium (Th) concentrations in the oceanic and continental crust of the Earth has been recently investigated from geochemical databases and airborne radiometric surveys [1]. This study demonstrates that the frequency distributions of these elements are scale-dependent. There are right-skewed for small-scale samples (typical volume of rocks analyzed for an individual sample in a dataset) but tend to be more symmetric for large-scale samples. The right-skewed behavior of K and Th is attributed to their incompatible behavior during partial melting or fractional crystallization. The scale-dependence and evolution toward normal distributions are a direct consequence of the central limit theorem applied to K and Th concentrations. The results of the results of this study may be applied to Mars, using the Mars Odyssey global maps of K and Th concentrations [2]. In light of available K, Th concentrations at the rock-scale (in-situ samples and martian meteorites), we infer that each “pixel” of these maps reflect a right-skewed distribution of K and Th concentrations at smaller-scales, where K and Th-poor rocks, such as basalts, are spatially dominant. In turn, K, and Th-rich rocks, such as those found by Curiosity at Gale crater [3], may occur globally, though their spatial extension must be limited to account for the values reported by Mars Odyssey. The global, but sparse occurrence of K, Th-rich rocks at the surface is consistent with a buried felsic crust, outcropping at the favor of tectonic or impact events. These conclusions will be discussed in the context of the inferred constraints about the structure of the martian crust from Insight data [4]. [1] Baratoux, et al., Earth and Space Science, in press. [2] Boynton et al. JRGP, doi:10.1029/2007JE002887. [3] Sautter et al. doi:10.1038/NGEO2474. [4] Knapmeyer-Endrun et al., Science, doi: 10.1126/science.abf8966

The South American Monsoon System (SAMS) is the dominant mode of hydroclimatic variability in South America and the associated dynamics have an important influence on atmospheric organization during pluvial and drought periods. Paleoclimate records from the monsoon domain have helped to describe the isotope hydrology of this region over the last millennium, but are insufficient to explain why the system has changed. Utilizing transient simulations of last millennium climate from isotope-enabled global climate models as well as experiments forced by isolated external forcings made available from the NCAR Community Earth System Model Last Millennium Ensemble (CESM-LME) project, we explore the dynamical drivers of variability documented in the isotopic record. We find that while models continue to underestimate the temporal variability of regional climate, they are able to reproduce documented spatial modes of variability. A Monte Carlo empirical orthogonal function (MCEOF) analysis is used to decompose major modes of isotope variability from both isotope proxy records and isotope-enabled global climate models over the last millennium (850 – 1850 CE). The principal component time series from the isotopic records show clear mean state departures during the early and late part of the record, corresponding to the Medieval Climate Anomaly and Little Ice Age periods. We explore the role of internal variability and different external forcings in driving these departures, and use the model space to describe changes to regional circulation patterns during these periods of extreme isotopic change. This enhanced understanding of the drivers of variability over the last millennium could provide a foundation upon which to interpret the sensitivity of this system to future changes due to external forcings, such as anthropogenic activity.

The efforts are to test, evaluate, and improve predictions of Tropical Cyclone’s track, intensity, speed, and inner core Structure, beyond 5 days, through the study of Tropical Cyclone Energetic in correlation with dynamical fluid motions and physical features (e.g. radiative transfer, chemistry, cloud processes), of mesoscale NH-SH Convective systems in order to develop a unique Tropical Cyclone Forecast Models (TCFM), acting as Operational real-time forecast guidance for all Tropical Cyclones/Hurricanes across the Atlantic, Asia Pacific, North Indian Ocean, and SH-Ocean basins. The key to this new prediction system (TC-NFM) would be the development of very fine (1deg–1deg) grid nests moving with individual storms within the global model, having a coupling capability for these nests in space & time mode. (TC-NFM) would be coupled to Atlantic, and North Indian Ocean basins Storms, so that its grid filter gets updated whenever there are active cyclonic storms in these basins. High-resolution Satellite imageries of the two Super Cyclonic Storms (SCS) over the Atlantic& North Indian Oceanic basins that occurred during May-October 2020 would be examined with emphasis on the large scale kinematic and thermodynamic behavior of these two SCS, viz. Laura’(Atlantic,26Aug’20,240Kmph,937hPaAmphan’(BOB,17May’20,240Kmph,920hPa) and other selected mesoscale Convective Systems, e.g. intense Cloud Clusters Thunderstorms, by making use of Aircraft, Doppler Weather Radar and conventional data over the selected domain in order to study mathematical and computational aspects of weather and climate through the spatial structure of Cloud field incorporating the Hurricane Weather Research Forecast Models. Based on Suchman, Martin, Sikdar (1977), Cloud Cluster studies, and of Goswami. V.K et.al. (1990); wherein, the two plausible Models of Monsoon Depression have been postulated in terms of Cluster Coalescence Theory and Giant Cluster Theory, would be employed to study the said two SCS over Atlantic & North Indian Oceanic basins during the Storm-Cycle (May-Oct)’20 to develop (TC-NFM). KEYWORDS: Energetic, Meso-Scale Convective Systems, Cluster Coalescence Theory, Giant Cluster Theory, Tropical Cyclone Numerical Forecasting Models-TCNFM.

The Dragonfly Mercury Project (DMP) is a dynamic national scale program coupling scientific efforts to understand mercury pollution risks to protected areas with citizen engagement and education. We conducted a national-scale assessment of mercury (Hg) bioaccumulation in aquatic ecosystems using dragonfly larvae as biosentinels and implemented a carefully designed sampling methodology for citizen scientists to facilitate biological sampling. We assessed variation in dragonfly Hg concentrations across >450 sites spanning 100 US national parks and other protected places and examined intrinsic and extrinsic factors associated with variation in Hg concentrations. Mercury concentrations ranged between 10.4-1,411 ng/g across sites and varied among habitat types. Dragonfly Hg concentrations were up to 1.8-fold higher in lotic habitats than in lentic habitats, and 37% higher in waterbodies with abundant wetlands along their margins than those without wetlands. Mercury concentrations in dragonflies differed among families, but were correlated with each other, enabling adjustment to a consistent family to facilitate spatial comparisons among sampling units. Dragonfly THg concentrations were positively correlated with THg in both fish and amphibians from the same locations, indicating that dragonfly larvae are effective indicators of Hg bioavailability in aquatic food webs. Using the relationships between dragonfly and fish Hg concentrations we developed a series of integrated impairment indices that inform potential risk of Hg exposure to fish, wildlife, and human health. Most sample sites were in the moderate to low risk category, but 12% of sites were at high or severe risk for mercury, potentially causing harm to fish, wildlife, and people who eat those fish and wildlife. The scope and depth of this work stand it up as a potential landmark study on mercury in NPS lands and across the landscape, particularly in light of the citizen science framework under which it was implemented. More information on the Dragonfly Mercury Project can be found at https://wim.usgs.gov/geonarrative/dmp/ and https://www.nps.gov/articles/dragonfly-mercury-project.htm.

Rural communities in Colorado face different challenges than urban areas when responding to the impacts of climate change. While these communities may not have access to the financial resources and planning infrastructure that large cities do, close community ties and an entrepreneurial can-do attitude give these communities an advantage to create opportunities for meaningful classroom community engagement. HEART Force is a unique program for secondary students in rural Colorado formal learning settings that educates and empowers students to respond to climate change impacts in the face of increasing likelihood and severity of environmental hazards such as wildfires, floods and drought. The program supports youth partnership with community leaders and experts to build resilience through a three-pronged approach using a curriculum designed to support NGSS. Students begin the unit by learning about the science of environmental hazards and how these hazards will be affected by climate change through analysis of local data. Next, students learn how to manage and respond to hazards in their community in a scenario-based role-play game. The unit culminates in a community resilience expo, giving students the opportunity to address impacts from environmental hazards by developing, presenting, and implementing strategies to increase community resilience. We will share the program design, lessons learned from teacher professional development and support, and preliminary research findings on the program impacts on students and teachers.

Environmental hazards such as wildfire, flood, and drought impact communities throughout Colorado. As climate change ramps up, these environmental hazards are increasing in frequency and severity. These hazards and their impacts provide an excellent access point for students to explore earth science concepts and community well being. The Hazard Education Awareness and Resilience Task Force (HEART Force) is a program for secondary classrooms in rural Colorado designed to help teachers and students move beyond classroom instruction and empower them to lead local efforts to increase resilience to environmental hazards. Colorado has recently adapted and adopted NGSS which provide opportunities for students to engage in real world learning through exploring locally relevant phenomena, yet many classroom teachers are challenged to transition to a new style of teaching driven by student inquiry. With this transition, teachers are being asked to give up some control of the learning process and become facilitators rather than directors of learning. In order to successfully facilitate authentic student engagement, a network of community partners is essential to support students, as well as a supportive school administration and a high level of teacher comfort with risk and uncertainty. The HEART Force program is in the third year of implementation; here we share lessons learned and challenges in supporting teachers in this transition to student-led and community-based learning using resilience education.

Coronal mass ejections (CMEs), the large scale transient eruptions from the Sun, interact with the Earth’s magnetosphere while travelling into the heliosphere. The energetic interplanetary CME (ICME) at 1AU not only creates geomagnetic storms and disrupts the magnetic field structure around the Earth but also impacts the plasma environment, causes strong aurorae, and disturbs the radio and electrical transmission massively. We use 3D compressible magnetohydrodynamic simulation of a star-planet system and study the interesting magnetohydrodynamic processes like bow-shock, magnetopause, magnetotail, planet-bound current sheets, magnetic reconnections, atmospheric mass loss as well as particle injection, etc., when an ICME flux rope crosses the Earth at 1 AU. We use the uniformly twisted force-free flux rope model proposed by Gold and Hoyle in 1960 to initiate the ICME and vary the flux rope properties using actual observational data. We observe a change in magnetopause’s shape and the stand-off distance to the magnetopause. We notice twist helicity injection inside the magnetotail current system. We discover comparative increment in both the rates of atmospheric mass out-flow and solar wind in-flow in the vicinity of Earth during the geo-storm. Such studies will help us understand how energetic magnetic storms from a host star impact planetary magnetospheres and atmospheres with implications for planetary and exoplanetary habitability.

Communities across the Southwestern US are increasingly experiencing major disruptions from a changing climate and natural hazards, such as fire, flood, and drought. With this rise in hazardous events, there is a pressing need to support local education and community resilience efforts around climate change impacts. Teaching climate change can be challenging for educators, given the scientific complexity and the need to disentangle political dimensions surrounding the topic. Climate change and environmental hazards are tangible when their impacts are observed close to home. Grounding science learning in personal experiences provides an entry point for learners to the topic and makes learning relevant. In our experience, place-based learning has proven to be a powerful and transformative experience that unites learners through a shared place. Here we present results from three place-based educational programs that serve rural and tribal communities in the Southwestern US and highlight the common findings across these programs around changes in student beliefs and levels of transformation: 1) an after-school program in which students develop a short film about ways in which climate change impacts their community. The storytelling component of film making allows for culturally-sensitive engagement; 2) an in-class instructional unit focused on increasing community resilience in which students learn about local natural hazards through engaging with authentic data, scenario-based role play games and the development of their own community resilience strategy that students present to local community leaders; and 3) a library-based informal science learning program in the southwestern US where communities engage around water as a scarce and valuable resource and share their common stories around the relevance of water. All three programs share a deep grounding in shared place and culture and offer examples of effective engagement with rural communities.