In Ceres dwarf planet, a portion of a prior ocean at shallow depth may still exist today as localized reservoirs. In this work, we constrained chemical and geophysical properties of initial aqueous fluids, characterizing the reservoirs, located under two selected craters: Kupalo and Juling. At first, we applied FREZCHEM code to simulate brines’ freezing processes, under different values of initial total pressure in which the starting solutions have cooled to precipitate the solids characterizing these craters. Then, we compared the results with our chemical equilibria calculations to understand the equilibrium state for each precipitated mineral, during the cooling process, related to the activities of solutes and the ionic strength of solutions. Decreasing temperature caused the precipitations of carbonates (thermodynamically favored), followed by the formation of sulphates and, later, of Cl-bearing salts from more saline brines. Solids precipitation feeds cooling process, changing the velocity/density ratios of aqueous solutions that would have arrived at surface erupting with a velocity of ⁓8·10-5 m/s. An excess of pressure in the reservoirs could have supported an intrusion of briny materials to surface, and, in our simulations, we suggest that sodium-salts formation is pressure-dependent. This supports the hypothesis that different “cooling chambers”, at different pressure conditions, may exist under the craters. Moreover, beneath Kupalo, at specific pressure condition, some kinetics-dependent molecules could form, suggesting that aqueous solutions plausibly were affected by kinetics slower than the nearby Juling.

Stochastic parameterizations are broadly used in climate modeling to represent subgrid scale processes. While different parameterizations are being developed considering different aspects of the physical phenomena, less attention is given to the technical and numerical aspects. In particular, the use of Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOFs) is well established whenever a spatial structure is required, without considering its possible drawbacks. By applying an energy consistent parameterization to the 2-layer Quasi-Geostrophic (QG) model, we investigate the model sensitivity to the \emph{a priori} assumptions made on the parameterization. In particular, we consider here two methods to prescribe the spatial covariance of the noise. First, by using climatological variability patterns provided by EOFs, and second, by using time-varying dynamics-adapted Koopman modes, approximated by Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD). The performance of the two methods are analyzed through numerical simulations of the stochastic system on a coarse spatial resolution, and the outcomes compared to a high-resolution simulation of the original deterministic system. The comparison reveals that the DMD based noise covariance scheme outperforms the EOF based. The use of EOFs leads to a significant increase of the ensemble spread, and to a meridional misplacement of the bi-modal eddy kinetic energy (EKE) distribution. On the other hand, using DMDs, the ensemble spread is confined and the meridional propagation of the zonal jet stream is accurately captured. Our results highlight the importance of the systematic design of stochastic parameterizations with dynamically adapted spatial correlations, rather than relying on statistical spatial patterns.

We consider the statistical properties of solutions of the stochastic fractional relaxation equation that has been proposed as a model for the earth’s energy balance. In thisequation, the (scaling) fractional derivative term modelsenergy storage processes that occur over a wide range of space and time scales. Up until now, stochastic fractionalrelaxation processes have only been considered withRiemann-Liouville fractional derivatives in the context of random walk processes where it yields highlynonstationary behaviour. For our purposes we require the stationary processes that are the solutions of the Weyl fractional relaxation equations whose domain is −∞ to t rather than 0 to t. We develop a framework for handling fractional equationsdriven by white noise forcings. To avoid divergences, wefollow the approach used in fractional Brownian motion(fBm). The resulting fractional relaxation motions (fRm) and fractional relaxation noises (fRn) generalize the more familiar fBm and fGn (fractional Gaussian noise). Weanalytically determine both the small and large scale limitsand show extensive analytic and numerical results on the autocorrelation functions, Haar fluctuations and spectra. We display sample realizations. Finally, we discuss the prediction of fRn, fRm which – due to long memories - is a past value problem, not an initial value problem. We develop an analytic formula for the fRnforecast skill and compare it to fGn. Although the large scale limit is an (unpredictable) white noise that is attainedin a slow power law manner, when the temporal resolutionof the series is small compared to the relaxation time, fRncan mimick a long memory process with a wide range of exponents ranging from fGn to fBm and beyond. Wediscuss the implications for monthly, seasonal, annualforecasts of the earth’s temperature.

Low-cost air quality monitors (LCAQMs) are promising supplements to regulatory monitors for PM2.5 exposure assessment. However, the application of LCAQM in spatially extensive exposure modeling is hindered by the difficulty in performing calibration at large spatial scales and the adverse influence of LCAQM residual uncertainty after calibration. We aimed to develop an efficient spatially scalable calibration method for LCAQM and design a residual uncertainty-derived down-weighting strategy to optimize the use of LCAQM data with regulatory monitoring data in PM2.5 modeling. In California, for each monitor from PurpleAir, a global LCAQM network, we identified a station within a 500-m radius from the Air Quality System (AQS), a U.S. regulatory monitoring network. Regional calibration of PurpleAir to AQS was performed at the hourly level with Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR). The calibrated PurpleAir measurements were down-weighted according to their residual uncertainty and then incorporated into a Random Forest (RF) prediction model as a dependent variable to generate 1-km daily PM2.5 exposure estimates. The state-level PurpleAir calibration reduced the systematic bias to ~0 ug/m3 and decreased the random error by 38%. The considerably large samples also enabled quantitative analyses regarding potential factors related to the PurpleAir bias. The RF-based model with both AQS and down-weighted PurpleAir data outperformed the RF model based solely on AQS with an improved CV R2 of 0.86, an improved spatial CV R2 of 0.81, and a lower prediction error of 5.40 ug/m3. The down-weighting allowed the prediction model to show more spatial details of PM2.5 and to better detect pollution hot-spots. Our spatially scalable calibration and down-weighting strategies, for the first time, allowed an effective application of a state-level LCAQM network in high-resolution PM2.5 exposure modeling. The proposed framework can be generalized to regions worldwide for advancing the evaluation of heavy PM2.5 episodes and health-related applications.

In this presentation, we will describe the [Pangeo Project](http://pangeo.io), a coordinated community effort with support from NASA, NSF, AWS, Microsoft Azure and Google Cloud, to develop interactive and reproducible open source workflows for discovery, visualization, and quantitative analysis of large datasets used for research in the Earth Sciences. The Pangeo computational platform is based on JupyterHub and deployed wherever the data is stored. Python libraries such as Xarray, Rasterio, and Dask enable distributed parallel computations on HPC and Kubernetes clusters. We will discuss the design concepts central to the Pangeo platform and highlight specific applications using NASA satellite data archives on AWS. We will discuss recent progress in the integration of data discovery tools (e.g. STAC, CMR, Intake) with cloud-native storage formats for multidimensional data types (Cloud-Optimized Geotiff, Zarr, etc.) and highlight how they can be used to construct elegant, robust and reproducible scientific workflows. Finally, we will discuss performance, security, transferability across public cloud platforms, cost to operate, and approaches to encourage a cultural shift in scientific computation through educational events.

Solar geoengineering has been suggested as a potential approach to counteract the anthropogenic global warming. Major volcanic eruptions have been used as natural analogues to large-scale deployments of stratospheric aerosol geoengineering, yet difference in climate responses to these forcings remains unclear. Among many factors characterizing the difference between the two, durations of the additional aerosol layer in the stratosphere differ substantially between volcanic eruptions and the SAI geoengineering. Sulfate aerosols from volcanic eruptions typically stay in the stratosphere for one to two years. Stratospheric aerosol geoengineering, however, if used to counteract anthropogenic warming, would need to be deployed quasi-continuously and thus the additional aerosols would stay in the stratosphere persistently. Using the NCAR CESM model, we compare the climate response to two highly idealized stratospheric aerosol forcings that have different durations: a short-term pulse representative of volcanic eruptions and a long-term sustained forcing representative of geoengineering. For the same amount of global mean cooling, the pulse case causes much larger reductions in surface temperature over land relative to the sustained case. This greater cooling over land leads to a larger decrease in the vertical motion of air over land in lower atmosphere, and reduces water vapor transport from the ocean to land. For similar amounts of global cooling, the decrease in land runoff caused by a short-term pulse aerosol forcing is about twice as large as that caused by a sustained aerosol forcing. Our results clearly demonstrate difference in the climate response to volcanic-like and geoengineering-like stratospheric aerosol forcings, and suggest that caution should be exercised when extrapolating results from volcanic eruptions to the SAI geoengineering deployments. However, observations and simulations of climate impacts from volcanic eruptions test many of the same physical mechanisms that would come into play in a stratospheric aerosol geoengineering scenario, and thus major volcanic eruptions remain as valuable analogues for solar geoengineering deployment.

We present a reinterpretation of a geological section in the Tampico-Misantla oil province made with the purpose of selecting and evaluating possible sites to implement a Geological CO2 Storage (GCS) in the Jurassic sedimentary units. Specific parameters of the reservoir such as porosity, permeability, fluid content, temperature, and overburden pressure were estimated from a database of drilled oil wells, core descriptions, laboratory tests, and analogue outcrop descriptions. Previous data indicated porosity values ranging from 6% to 12%, and relatively low permeability values <0.001 mD for calcareous sand and clay-silty bearing layers. Reinterpretation of a geological section involving the main lithostratigraphic units, from Cenozoic sediments to Jurassic metamorphic rocks, was made based on geological maps, geological contacts, and seismic data. Petrophysical properties were obtained from well logs available (Neutron, DTCO, Gamma Ray, Resistivity) and compared with laboratory measurements in cores from wells and outcrops. A model of regional petrophysical facies for the reservoir and seal units was developed by using selected physical properties in relation with the regional geological context. Five petrophysical facies distributed across the study area were identified in the reservoir including calcareous sands, quartz bearing sandstone and quartz bearing conglomerates for the reservoir, and bituminous shales and limestone for the shale units covering the reservoir. Permeability and porosity values at the reservoir scale were estimated from well logs using methods available in the literature and then compared with the laboratory tests. Two porosity estimations were computed from well logs: Neutron porosity (NPHI) and Sonic Porosity (PHITS) with results ranging from 0.1 % to 16%. Estimated permeability yielded a range of 0.001 mD to 15 mD. The results suggest that the Jurassic units are a suitable reservoir since geological traps and specific depositional facies distributed in the basin have the required porosity and permeability values suggested for efficient CO2 storage.

A sediment core taken proximal to a large sunken ship in the north channel of the Yangtze delta suggests a dramatic change in sedimentation that is coincident with the sinking of the ship. We conducted AMS 14C and OSL dating and analysed the lithology, grain size, magnetic susceptibility and organic elemental geochemistry and combined these data with historical marine charts and historical data. A notable change in sedimentary environments implies a dramatic change to the geomorphological evolution of the environment at the location of the shipwreck. The sediments below the shipwreck layers suggest that the shipwreck occurred in a sheltered tidal channel developed at the north margin of the Tongsha Shoal of the Yangtze River mouth. The shipwreck layer containing the wood pieces of the sunken ship is composed of structureless silts and underlain by homogeneous mud separated by an erosional contact. The ship/storm layer is overlain by sandy facies reflecting a change to more open marine channel conditions. The sedimentary data implies that a large historical typhoon possibly on July 31, 1879 sunk several ships and caused significant geomorphological change to the Yangtze delta.

Solar flare, as a typical large temporal-spatial turbulent magnetic reconnection (LTSTMR, the ratio of observed current sheets thickness to electron characteristic length, electron Larmor radius for low-β and electron inertial length for high-β, is on the order of 10E10–10E11; the ratio of observed evolution time to electron gyroperiod is on the order of 10E7–10E9) explosion in the solar atmosphere activities, involving sudden bursts of particle acceleration that from sudden release of magnetic energy in a few minutes to a few tens of minutes. The X rays and gamma rays are believed to result from the interactions of the high energy electrons energized and nuclear interaction of the high energy protons and other heavier ions, respectively. While many particle acceleration models consider turbulence acceleration as an effective way of generating energetic electrons, the precise turbulence roles during acceleration and heating of electrons still remain unclear. Here we show from 3D relativistic hybrid particle-in-cell and lattice Boltzmann method (RHPIC-LBM) simulation that interaction of helical magnetic structure that leads to efficient energization of electrons. By following the trajectories of the most energetic electrons, we found the strong Langmuir turbulence acceleration (LTA) through wave-wave, wave-particle interaction in the diffusion region of the flare, which can accelerate electrons effectively. and discuss the turbulence acceleration by strong Langmuir wave. The simulation of LTA is not only similar to the shock wave acceleration, but more efficient than that of the shock wave acceleration. The energy spectrum of hot electrons undergoing LTA can be studied the X ray and gamma ray production in flare. We anticipate our results to be a key point for understanding the relationship between particle acceleration mechanism and explosive energetic electrons observed in the solar flares during MHD Alfven turbulence translate into Kinetic Alfven turbulence progress.

Organisms leave traces of DNA as they move through their environments. The extraction of these DNA traces is known as environmental DNA (eDNA). eDNA provides scientists and researchers a non-invasive, rapid, cost-effective and sensitive way to detect and quantify species. Traditional eDNA sampling consists of manually filtering water, which is labor and cost-intensive for remote locations. Furthermore, commercialized solutions are expensive and require a field operator. This eDNA sampler project aims to provide an affordable, open-sourced, remotely deployable, fully automated, and customizable alternative. The PolyWAG (Water Acquired Genomics) system can run up to 24 inline filter units with support for different conditions including pressure, time and volume limit. The pumps deliver maximum 400mL/min with solenoid valves separating each inline filter to minimize cross-contamination. At the end of each sample, the desired stabilizing solution can be injected to fully submerge the filter for preservation. An optional river depth sensor can provide a proxy for flow to correct eDNA concentrations to allow for improved quantification of organisms. Data acquired during operation including water depth, pressure, temperature, and flow rate will be stored on microSD card in CSV format, which allows easier data export and analysis. A web application provides an intuitive UI for in-field programming, real-time sensor updates, scheduling tasks, and manual operations. We present data from multiple tests showing the length of the preservation period and the contamination level between samples. The PolyWAG system is estimated to be $3000 each, with add-on river depth sensor and 10ah 12V battery.

Variation of the surface coastal current in the marginal sea off the west coast of Sumatra during the Pre-YMC and YMC periods was investigated by the R/V “Mirai” cruises (Pre-YMC [Years of the Maritime Continent]: MR15-04 and YMC: MR17-08). One of the major differences between the cruises of MR15-04 and MR17-08 was the direction of the surface coastal current. According to the LADCP observation, the southeastward current along the coast was continuously dominant under the forcing of a weak easterly winds in the MR15-04, whereas in the MR17-08, the current direction was rotated counterclockwise around 10 days under the strong westerly wind forcing after the passage of the MJO, suggesting the passage of meso-vortices. The difference was confirmed by the oceanic reanalysis of the ECCO2, and it was confirmed that the meso-vortex was slowly moved along the coast (about 300 km / 10 days). It was suggested that the presence or absence of the meso-vortex formation caused a large difference in not only the horizontal advection but also the up or down welling in the mixed layer. The meso-vortex was also accompanied by a clear maximum of the sea surface height, and a large vertical motion in the mixed layer is estimated in ECCO2. The coastal meso-vortex was gradually formed and developed under the continuous westerly wind forcing more than 10 days after the MJO passage.

The crust and upper mantle structure of the Greater and Lesser Antilles Arc provides insights into key subduction zone processes in a unique region of slow convergence of old slow-spreading oceanic lithosphere. We use ambient noise tomography gathered from island broadband seismic stations and the temporary ocean bottom seismometer network installed as part of the VoiLA experiment to map crustal and upper mantle shear-wave velocity of the eastern Greater Antilles and the Lesser Antilles Arc. We find sediment thickness, based on the depth to the 2.0 km/s contour in the Grenada and Tobago basins up to 15 km in the south, with thinner sediments near the arc and to the north. We observe thicker crust, based on the depth to the 4.0 km/s velocity contour, beneath the arc platforms with the greatest crustal thickness of around 30 km, likely related to crustal addition from arc volcanism through time. There are distinct low velocity zones (4.2-4.4 km/s) in the mantle wedge (30-50 km depth), beneath the Mona Passage, Guadeloupe-Martinique, and the Grenadines. The Mona passage mantle anomaly may be related to ongoing extension there, while the Guadeloupe-Martinique and Grenadine anomalies are likely related to fluid flux, upwelling, and/or partial melt related to nearby slab features. The location of the Guadeloupe-Martinique anomaly is slightly to the south of the obliquely subducted fracture zones. This feature could be explained by either three-dimensional mantle flow, a gap in the slab, variable slab hydration, and/or melt dynamics including ponding and interactions with the upper plate.

Fast solar wind streams are known to be dominated by Alfvenic turbulence, i.e. large amplitude magnetic field and quasi-incompressible velocity fluctuations with a correlation corresponding to waves propagating away from the Sun. At the same time the Ulysses spacecraft showed That microstreams, persistent long period (1/2-2 days) fluctuations in the radial velocity field, are ubiquitous in the fast wind. This contribution explores the possible causal relation between microstreams and Alfvenic turbulence. We carry out a parametric study of the stability of the microstream jets to Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) instabilities: starting from the profiles of density, radial speed and magnetic field observed in the solar wind, we investigate both at what distance from the Sun KH instabilities may be triggered and the ensuing nonlinear dynamics.

Observations of rocks from exhumed shear zones clearly reveal that secondary phases strongly influence the mechanical and microstructural evolution of materials undergoing large-strain shear deformation. Through Zener pinning, secondary phases promote grain size sensitive creep, allowing deformation to localize in fine-grained regions. For the longevity of such shear zones over geological times, fine grain sizes must be maintained between episodes of deformation such that localization will continue in these regions in subsequent deformation events. Experimental studies of static grain growth on single phase materials demonstrate relatively fast rates of grain growth that would serve to undo grain size refinement under natural conditions. Although static grain growth experiments on samples composed of two or more phases indicate slower growth rates of each phase, such studies have typically been carried out on undeformed material. To investigate the effectiveness of secondary phases at inhibiting grain growth after large-strain deformation, analog samples were synthesized from olivine (Ol) and ferropericlase (Fp) powders with Ol:Fp ratios of 1:5 to 5:1. Samples were deformed in torsion in a triaxial gas-medium apparatus to shear strains of γ = 3 - 7 at P = 300 MPa and T = 1523 K to induce mixing between the two phases; specifically, the distribution of phase boundaries followed a random binomial distribution. Subsequently, sections of each sample were statically annealed at P = 0.1 MPa and T = 1523 K for 10 h or 100 h. Grain size measurements obtained via electron backscatter diffraction indicate that after 10 h of post-deformation annealing Ol grains are smaller by a factor of 1.5 and Fp grains are smaller by a factor of 3 than predicted from single-phase grain growth laws. Comparing the ratio of grain sizes of the two phases to the secondary phase fraction yields a power law fit with an exponent of ~ 0.4 in Ol-rich samples and ~ 1 in Fp-rich samples. These results, along with microstructural observations, indicate that secondary phase particles are primarily distributed along grain boundaries in the Ol-rich samples but are randomly dispersed in Fp-rich samples. Our results demonstrate that secondary phases are highly effective at pinning grain size during static annealing following significant deformation.

The roles of heavy ions have long been an important subject in the magnetospheric physics since the first discovery of O+ ions in the magnetosphere as it hinted to the connection between the ionospheric and magnetospheric plasma. Albeit limited, several observations show the importance of ionospheric N+ and molecular ions, including NO+, N2+ and O2+, in the high-altitude ionosphere and magnetosphere. However, the mechanisms responsible for accelerating the ionospheric heavy ions from eV to keV energies are still largely unknown. Developed from the Polar Wind Outflow Model (PWOM), the Seven Ion Polar Wind Outflow Model (7iPWOM) solves the gyrotropic transport equations for all relevant species (e-, H+, He+, N+, O+, N2+, NO+ and O2+) along open magnetic field lines and therefore, has the capability to assess the role of heavy ions in the supersonic ionospheric outflow. However, the hydrodynamic approach is limited to the region where collisions are important. For the altitudes above the collision-dominated region, the hydrodynamic solution becomes increasingly inadequate. Thus, the 7iPWOM applies a kinetic particle-in-cell (PIC) approach that enables the inclusion of wave-particle interactions (WPI) and Coulomb collisions. The simulation results showed that the N+ ions play a key role in the polar wind solution under all conditions. The mechanisms responsible for the energization of outflowing N+ ions are different than those of O+, not only in the collision-dominated region but also at high-altitudes. This means that the local heating sources to O+ and N+ in the polar wind, even in small amounts, can lead to plasma instability and could possibly affect the large-scale transport properties. In addition, the relative abundance of molecular ions, and how they change the polar wind solution, reveals the link between lower thermosphere and the ionosphere. Therefore, tracking the molecular ions helps understand how the “fast ion outflow” acquires sufficient energy in such a short time scale, compared with the dissociative recombination lifetime of the molecular ions, and assess the role of molecular ions in the overall dynamics of the polar wind outflow.

Deltas and estuaries worldwide face the challenge of capturing sufficient sediment to keep up with relative sea level rise. Knowledge about sediment pathways and fluxes are crucial to combat adverse effects on channel morphology, e.g. erosion which enhances risk of bank collapse and increasing tidal penetration. We constructed sediment budgets which quantify annual changes for the urbanized delta of the Netherlands affected by fluvial and coastal fluxes of sediment, engineering works and dredging and dumping activities. The Rhine-Meuse delta shows a negative sediment budget in recent decades due to anthropogenic intervention. Following a large offshore port expansion, dredging in ports and harbours in the region has doubled in the past five years, likely due to the induced change in net sediment fluxes. In addition, the deeper navigation channels, ports and harbours are trapping siltier sediment than before, changing sediment composition in the mouth. The removal of sediment from the system through dredging is adverse to the necessity for sediment in heavily eroding branches. To allow for sustainable sediment management in the future and to cope with sea level rise, further measurements are required to properly quantify the amount of incoming sediment from the rivers and the seaward boundary and the mechanisms of transport which are key to solving the sediment issues in the delta. The varied response of the branches has important consequences for navigation, ecology and flood safety and management of the sediment in the system will be of pivotal importance in coming decades and for other deltas worldwide.

We introduce a novel wind-derived metric to quantify variability in the Southern Ocean overturning circulation. This metric, which we call the Ekman streamfunction, integrates the Ekman pumping vertical velocity zonally and northwards from the Antarctic coastline to a given latitude. To evaluate the relationship between the Ekman streamfunction and Southern Ocean overturning circulation, we use a global 0.1 ocean–sea-ice model driven with interannual forcing (1958-2018). Throughout much of the Southern Ocean, strong correlations (r>0.9) exist between the Ekman streamfunction and the Southern Ocean overturning circulation on monthly and annual timescales. A regression analysis identifies regions where Ekman streamfunction variability coincides with >4Sv changes in the overturning; one such location is where the wind stress curl changes sign and the Ekman pumping velocity is highly variable. This study offers a new approach to infer recent changes in the Southern Ocean overturning circulation from existing datasets of wind stress.

Using ground based magnetometer data and an in-house developed quasi two dimensional (QTD) theoretical ionospheric model, we investigate differential response of the E region ionospheric current system to the solar flare events which occurred on 20 February 2002, and 24 September 2011. An abrupt increase in $\Delta$H (positive crochet/Solar Flare Effect (SFE)) was observed at Thirunelveli during 24 September 2011 event, while a decrease in $\Delta$H (reduced crochet/SFE) was observed during the other event. The reduction in $\Delta$H was observed on 20 February when there were no signatures of counter electrojet (CEJ). As per QTD model simulations, the ratio of integrated Hall to Pedersen conductivity decreased more on 20 February at EEJ heights. As the conductivity ratio is directly proportional to the vertical polarization field, a decrease in conductivity leads to a reduced EEJ strength on 20 February 2002. In the presence of an additional SFE current system at the boundary between D and E region, during solar flare, the crochet is the resultant of EEJ and SFE. On 24 September, both the EEJ and SFE current systems were strong with the vortex center close to the equator and a positive crochet was observed. On 20 February, on the other hand, both EEJ and SFE were weak as the current vortex was away from the magnetic equator. Hence we surmise that SFE not only depends on the strength of the solar flare or the background electrojet condition but also the position of vortex of current systems.