We report on three classes of terrestrial gamma-ray flashes (TGFs) from the Reuven Ramaty High-Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI) satellite. The first class drives the detectors into paralysis, being observed usually through a few counts on the rising edge and the later tail of Comptonized photons. These events – and any bright TGF – reveal their true luminosity more clearly via their Compton tail than via the main peak, since the former is unaffected by the unknown beaming pattern of the unscattered radiation, and Comptonization mostly isotropizes the flux. This technique could be applied to TGFs from any mission. The second class is more than usually bright and long in duration. When the magnetic field at the conjugate point is stronger than at the nearby footpoint, we find that 4 out of 11 such events show a significant signal at the time expected for a relativistic electron beam to make a round trip to the opposite footpoint and back. We conclude that a large fraction of TGFs lasting more than a few hundred microseconds may include counts due to the upward-moving secondary particle beam ejected from the atmosphere. Finally, using a new search algorithm to find short TGFs in RHESSI, we see that these tend to occur more often over the oceans than land, relative to longer-duration events. In the feedback model of TGF production, this suggests a higher thunderstorm potential, since more feedback per avalanche implies fewer “generations” of avalanches needed to complete the TGF discharge.

We acquired measurements with the oblique HF Doppler technique in the city of Harbin during the super typhoon Lekima event of 4 – 12 August 2019. The ionospheric response was observed by the Harbin Engineering University multifrequency multiple path coherent radio system in the People’s Republic of China. The maximum disturbance in the ionosphere was observed to occur during the day when the super typhoon Lekima energy gained a maximum value and when the super typhoon approached close to the ionospheric part of the radio-wave propagation paths. The magnitude of the ionospheric disturbances decreased with the distance between the super typhoon and propagation path midpoints. Both aperiodic (chaotic) and quasiperiodic disturbances were observed to accompany the super typhoon action in the ionosphere. The periods of the quasiperiodic disturbances were observed to be ~12 – 24 min. Such periods pertain to atmospheric gravity waves. The atmospheric gravity waves generated by the super typhoon gave rise to quasiperiodic variations in the electron density with relative amplitudes of ~3% to ~19%.

Smouldering is a flameless form of combustion driven by exothermic oxidation surface reactions within a porous medium. Smouldering is being harnessed by engineers to remediate liquid hydrocarbon and Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contaminated soils, drive waste-to-energy processes, and to provide off-grid sanitation solutions in the developing world. In all applications, initial heat is supplied to a small ignition region and air is injected to support self-sustaining smouldering. However, engineers and researchers have only a few tools to utilize and study smouldering, and this is a key limitation. This work addresses this limitation via developing a novel multidimensional, thermodynamic-based smouldering model. This model is valuable for both engineers and researchers to gain a deeper understanding into key physical (e.g., temperature, air flow, and oxygen distribution), chemical (e.g., a non-uniform oxidation reaction), and operational processes in smouldering systems (e.g., the effects of radial heat losses on energy efficiency). As smouldering gains popularity as a novel technology, there is a growing need for robust smouldering models. This presentation highlights both the model development and validation from highly instrumented experiments. These results highlight the processes that govern key operational characteristics, such as peak temperature and air flow distributions (critical for PFAS remediation) and overall energy efficiency (critical for waste-to-energy and sanitation purposes). Altogether, this work is anticipated to support investigating, designing, and optimizing the future smouldering systems for a range of applications such as PFAS remediation, waste-to-energy, and improving sanitation in the developing world.

In the last few years, the relationship between reconnection and turbulence has received significant attention. A surprising recent result is that laminar reconnection has been shown to exhibit a power law spectrum consistent with the Kolmogorov law of turbulence1. However, there still exists an unanswered question: “Is magnetic reconnection fundamentally an energy cascade?”. The energy cascade can be measured directly as a function of spatial scale length using the generalized von-Karman Howarth equation based on the framework of incompressible Hall MHD2. In this study, we apply this technique to 2.5D kinetic particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations of strong turbulence and laminar reconnection, comparing the two to study the flow of energy across spatial scales (lags). Both the turbulence and reconnection simulations show similar behavior, implying that reconnection fundamentally involves an energy cascade. The largest lags are dominated by a steady decrease in energy (second order structure functions) which drives the global system dynamics. At smaller lags, a relatively constant flow (cascade) of energy occurs from large to small scales which can be associated with an MHD inertial range. At still smaller lags, the rate of energy flow decreases considerably, and this energy flux is dominated by Hall physics. In the reconnection simulation, the cascade of energy is strongly correlated with the reconnection rate, with both shutting off at similar times. References: Adhikari et al., Phys. Plasmas 27, 042305 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5128376 Hellinger et al., ApJ Letters 857, L19 (2018); http://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aabc06

Improving nutrient and water uptake in crops is one of the major challenges to sustain a fast-growing population that faces increasingly nutrient limited soils. Root hairs, which are specialized epidermal cells, are important drivers of nutrient and water uptake from the soil. Microscopy provides a mean to record root hairs as digital images. However, due to their geometry and complex spatial arrangements quantifying root hairs in microscopy images manually remains a bottleneck. Manual selection of representative root hairs can result in inaccurate estimations of root hair traits and misrepresentation of root hair functions. We present a method to quantify phenotypes automatically by measuring all individual root hairs in digital microscopy images. Our method uses random forests classification to separate root hair from the parent root and the image background. We define metrics to evaluate segments of root hairs that intersect or form blobs of two or more root hairs. Using simulated annealing for combinatorial optimization, we reconstruct individual root hairs by resolving intersections in a globally optimal way. As a result, we measure root hair length, its distribution, and root hair density in each image. We validate our method on examples of three maize cultivars under phosphorus, nitrogen, and potassium stress. Results show that our measurements of root hair traits strongly correlate with manually measured validation data in mean root hair length (Pearson-correlation: 0.74 to 0.88, p<.001), as well as in root hair density (Pearson-correlation: 0.65 to 0.84, p<.001). We show that our method distinguishes subtle differences between genotypes and treatments based on the extracted traits and believe that our study paves a way towards identifying the genetic control of root hair traits and increased agricultural production.

We present year-round estimates of liquid freshwater transport (FWT) in the East Greenland Current (EGC) in the western Fram Strait from mooring observations since 2015. Novel data from additional instruments deployed in recent years are used to correct earlier estimates when instrument coverage was lower. The updated FWT time series (reference salinity 34.9) show that the increased export between 2010 and 2015 has not continued, and that FWT has decreased to pre-2009 levels. Salt transport independent of a reference salinity is shown not to be sensitive to salinity changes. Between 2015-2019, the FWT in the Polar Water decreased to an average of 56.9 (±4.5) mSV, 15% less than the 2003-2019 long-term mean, however, high FWT events occurred in 2017. The overall decrease is related with a slowdown of the EGC, partly attributed to a decrease of the baroclinic component, due to salinification of the halocline waters (26.5 < σθ < 27.7 kg/m3) which counterbalanced the freshening of the surface layer (σθ < 26.5 kg/m3). Our results show changes in the Polar Water between 2003-2019: Salinity stratification increased as the salinity difference between 155 and 55 m increased by 0.63 psu , the Polar Water layer became thinner by 46 m and the Polar-Atlantic front moved abruptly west in June 2015. All processes point to an “Atlantification” of the western Fram Strait and reduced Polar outflow. Including the novel data sets decreased the uncertainty of the FWT to an average of 8% after 2015, as opposed to 17% in earlier estimates.

The Wayanad Schist Belt (WSB) located along the southern margin of the Western Dharwar Craton (WDC) is a small discontinuous schistose belt occur as pockets and patches within basement gneisses. WSB is oriented parallel to the E-W trending Moyar Shear Zone (MSZ) separating the WDC and Southern Granulite Terrane (SGT). The major rock types include metapelitic schists, metamafic schists, banded magnetite quartzite, pyroxene granulite, amphibolite, metapyroxenite, mylonite, hornblende-biotite schist/gneiss, micaceous quartzite etc. The fabrics in schistose rocks are defined mostly by the orientation of shape-preferred aggregates of biotite-chlorite-muscovite-sillimanite (in metapelites) and tremolite-talc-chlorite-actinolite (in metamafites). Whereas the gneissic fabric is defined by the quartz-plagioclase rich leucocratic layers and biotite-garnet-amphibole-pyroxene rich melanocratic layers. The WSB has undergone at least three phases of deformation. The most prominent fabric in WSB is the E-W to ESE-WNW trending sub-vertical foliations developed during the D3 deformation. Poles to the steep-dipping S3 foliations are WNW-ESE trending and the F3 folds are steeply plunging in nature. At the low strain domains of D3 deformation the early foliations are preserved. The N-S to NNW-SSE trending sub-vertical S2 fabric developed axial planar to moderately tight to open (F2) folds during D2 deformation. The early S1 foliations are rarely preserved in the interfolial domains of S2 foliation. In the regional scale, the poles to S1 fabrics lie on a well-defined girdle with NE-SW trending upright asymmetric folds. The U-Th-total Pb dating of texturally controlled monazites from WSB has yielded prominent age populations at around 700-850 Ma and 500-600 Ma with minor age peaks at 2.2-2.3 Ga, 2.4-2.6 Ga. The structural and chronological data suggest that, the deformation events in WSB are similar to that reported from the WDC. However, the D3 deformation is more prominent and all the earlier fabrics are truncated or brought into parallelism with the S3 fabric during D3 deformation. The 700-850 Ma and 500-600 Ma monazite growths post-tectonic with respect to the D3 deformation indicates that the Neoproterozoic accretionary events affected the whole SGT must have recrystallized the monazites present in the MSZ.

Africa is a continent with great assets for Astrophysics and Planetology (including astrobiology): skies unpolluted with anthropogenic light, meteorites and impact structures, and vast sedimentary-metamorphic-igneous records of early Earth’ geologic evolution. Aware of these assets, a community of scientists is involved in increasingly ambitious projects. Their original works notably highlight the African scientific heritage, alongside engagement in economic, cultural and societal development. One of the notable achievements of this group is the observation of three stellar occultations by asteroids in Senegal, in direct support of NASA missions of exploration of the Solar System. The first campaign was achieved in August 2018, in support of the flyby of Kuiper belt object Arrokoth by the New Horizons spacecraft. The second and third campaigns, in September 2020 and October 2021, in preparation for the upcoming flybys of Trojan asteroids Polymele and Orus by NASA’s Lucy mission, were led by Senegalese scientists, supported by a few European astronomers. Other notable achievements include fieldwork at potential or known impact structures (including search of tektites in Côte d’Ivoire), providing opportunities for student training and local education. Members of our group have also launched the first popular science magazine on astronomy (in French) (l’Astronomie Afrique). Last, founding the RISE 5A project (Astronomy and Astrophysics Arising Across Africa), with proposal intended to be resubmitted to the Horizon Europe program in 2022, together with some joint educational initiatives linking Egypt and Spain, will hopefully open new opportunities for staff and students exchanges between Europe and Africa. These achievements also impart an enduring engagement of the youth, while reinforcing the role of West African scientists in the scientific, cultural, and economic development of their countries and communities worldwide.

The univariate statistics of potassium (K) and thorium (Th) concentrations in the oceanic and continental crust of the Earth has been recently investigated from geochemical databases and airborne radiometric surveys [1]. This study demonstrates that the frequency distributions of these elements are scale-dependent. There are right-skewed for small-scale samples (typical volume of rocks analyzed for an individual sample in a dataset) but tend to be more symmetric for large-scale samples. The right-skewed behavior of K and Th is attributed to their incompatible behavior during partial melting or fractional crystallization. The scale-dependence and evolution toward normal distributions are a direct consequence of the central limit theorem applied to K and Th concentrations. The results of the results of this study may be applied to Mars, using the Mars Odyssey global maps of K and Th concentrations [2]. In light of available K, Th concentrations at the rock-scale (in-situ samples and martian meteorites), we infer that each “pixel” of these maps reflect a right-skewed distribution of K and Th concentrations at smaller-scales, where K and Th-poor rocks, such as basalts, are spatially dominant. In turn, K, and Th-rich rocks, such as those found by Curiosity at Gale crater [3], may occur globally, though their spatial extension must be limited to account for the values reported by Mars Odyssey. The global, but sparse occurrence of K, Th-rich rocks at the surface is consistent with a buried felsic crust, outcropping at the favor of tectonic or impact events. These conclusions will be discussed in the context of the inferred constraints about the structure of the martian crust from Insight data [4]. [1] Baratoux, et al., Earth and Space Science, in press. [2] Boynton et al. JRGP, doi:10.1029/2007JE002887. [3] Sautter et al. doi:10.1038/NGEO2474. [4] Knapmeyer-Endrun et al., Science, doi: 10.1126/science.abf8966

The South American Monsoon System (SAMS) is the dominant mode of hydroclimatic variability in South America and the associated dynamics have an important influence on atmospheric organization during pluvial and drought periods. Paleoclimate records from the monsoon domain have helped to describe the isotope hydrology of this region over the last millennium, but are insufficient to explain why the system has changed. Utilizing transient simulations of last millennium climate from isotope-enabled global climate models as well as experiments forced by isolated external forcings made available from the NCAR Community Earth System Model Last Millennium Ensemble (CESM-LME) project, we explore the dynamical drivers of variability documented in the isotopic record. We find that while models continue to underestimate the temporal variability of regional climate, they are able to reproduce documented spatial modes of variability. A Monte Carlo empirical orthogonal function (MCEOF) analysis is used to decompose major modes of isotope variability from both isotope proxy records and isotope-enabled global climate models over the last millennium (850 – 1850 CE). The principal component time series from the isotopic records show clear mean state departures during the early and late part of the record, corresponding to the Medieval Climate Anomaly and Little Ice Age periods. We explore the role of internal variability and different external forcings in driving these departures, and use the model space to describe changes to regional circulation patterns during these periods of extreme isotopic change. This enhanced understanding of the drivers of variability over the last millennium could provide a foundation upon which to interpret the sensitivity of this system to future changes due to external forcings, such as anthropogenic activity.

The efforts are to test, evaluate, and improve predictions of Tropical Cyclone’s track, intensity, speed, and inner core Structure, beyond 5 days, through the study of Tropical Cyclone Energetic in correlation with dynamical fluid motions and physical features (e.g. radiative transfer, chemistry, cloud processes), of mesoscale NH-SH Convective systems in order to develop a unique Tropical Cyclone Forecast Models (TCFM), acting as Operational real-time forecast guidance for all Tropical Cyclones/Hurricanes across the Atlantic, Asia Pacific, North Indian Ocean, and SH-Ocean basins. The key to this new prediction system (TC-NFM) would be the development of very fine (1deg–1deg) grid nests moving with individual storms within the global model, having a coupling capability for these nests in space & time mode. (TC-NFM) would be coupled to Atlantic, and North Indian Ocean basins Storms, so that its grid filter gets updated whenever there are active cyclonic storms in these basins. High-resolution Satellite imageries of the two Super Cyclonic Storms (SCS) over the Atlantic& North Indian Oceanic basins that occurred during May-October 2020 would be examined with emphasis on the large scale kinematic and thermodynamic behavior of these two SCS, viz. Laura’(Atlantic,26Aug’20,240Kmph,937hPaAmphan’(BOB,17May’20,240Kmph,920hPa) and other selected mesoscale Convective Systems, e.g. intense Cloud Clusters Thunderstorms, by making use of Aircraft, Doppler Weather Radar and conventional data over the selected domain in order to study mathematical and computational aspects of weather and climate through the spatial structure of Cloud field incorporating the Hurricane Weather Research Forecast Models. Based on Suchman, Martin, Sikdar (1977), Cloud Cluster studies, and of Goswami. V.K et.al. (1990); wherein, the two plausible Models of Monsoon Depression have been postulated in terms of Cluster Coalescence Theory and Giant Cluster Theory, would be employed to study the said two SCS over Atlantic & North Indian Oceanic basins during the Storm-Cycle (May-Oct)’20 to develop (TC-NFM). KEYWORDS: Energetic, Meso-Scale Convective Systems, Cluster Coalescence Theory, Giant Cluster Theory, Tropical Cyclone Numerical Forecasting Models-TCNFM.

The Dragonfly Mercury Project (DMP) is a dynamic national scale program coupling scientific efforts to understand mercury pollution risks to protected areas with citizen engagement and education. We conducted a national-scale assessment of mercury (Hg) bioaccumulation in aquatic ecosystems using dragonfly larvae as biosentinels and implemented a carefully designed sampling methodology for citizen scientists to facilitate biological sampling. We assessed variation in dragonfly Hg concentrations across >450 sites spanning 100 US national parks and other protected places and examined intrinsic and extrinsic factors associated with variation in Hg concentrations. Mercury concentrations ranged between 10.4-1,411 ng/g across sites and varied among habitat types. Dragonfly Hg concentrations were up to 1.8-fold higher in lotic habitats than in lentic habitats, and 37% higher in waterbodies with abundant wetlands along their margins than those without wetlands. Mercury concentrations in dragonflies differed among families, but were correlated with each other, enabling adjustment to a consistent family to facilitate spatial comparisons among sampling units. Dragonfly THg concentrations were positively correlated with THg in both fish and amphibians from the same locations, indicating that dragonfly larvae are effective indicators of Hg bioavailability in aquatic food webs. Using the relationships between dragonfly and fish Hg concentrations we developed a series of integrated impairment indices that inform potential risk of Hg exposure to fish, wildlife, and human health. Most sample sites were in the moderate to low risk category, but 12% of sites were at high or severe risk for mercury, potentially causing harm to fish, wildlife, and people who eat those fish and wildlife. The scope and depth of this work stand it up as a potential landmark study on mercury in NPS lands and across the landscape, particularly in light of the citizen science framework under which it was implemented. More information on the Dragonfly Mercury Project can be found at https://wim.usgs.gov/geonarrative/dmp/ and https://www.nps.gov/articles/dragonfly-mercury-project.htm.

Many rivers systems of the world are super-saturated in dissolved CO2 (pCO2) relative to equilibrium with the atmosphere — why? Here we compare the coupled organic matter and pCO2 dynamics of the world’s two largest river systems, the Amazon and Congo, where data sets enable insights into the overall functioning of the respective basins. Discharge is the primary control on particulate (POC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) export in both the Amazon and Congo Rivers. Total suspended sediments (TSS) yield from the Amazon is twenty times greater per unit area than the Congo. However, despite low TSS concentrations, the Congo has a POC content approximately five times higher than the Amazon. The organic rich character of both watersheds is reflected in the DOC export, with the Amazon exporting ~ 11% and the Congo ~ 5% of the global land to ocean flux, based on measurements from the last discharge gauging stations. But care should be taken when describing estimates of TSS and carbon to the ocean. Processing and sequestration in tidal and coastal areas can significantly alter TSS and carbon delivery, and last discharge gauging stations are typically hundreds of kilometers from the sea. pCO2 in the Amazon mainstem ranges from 1,000 to 10,000 μatm, with floodplain lakes ranging from 20 to 20,000 μatm. Concentrations in the Congo mainstem are lower, with maximum values of ~5,000 μatm observed. The elevated level of pCO2 even as far as the mouth of such major rivers as the Amazon and Congo, up to thousands of kilometers from CO2-rich small streams, poses a most interesting question — what set of processes maintains such high levels? The answer is presumably some combination of instream metabolism of organic matter of terrestrial and floodplain origin, and/or injection of very high pCO2 water from local floodplains or tributaries.

Rural, Indigenous, and Latinx communities in the Southwest region of the U.S. share present and future concerns about drought and water availability as these communities face low and inconsistent precipitation. Using a collaborative process, We are Water has designed informal STEM programs and a traveling exhibit for tribal and rural libraries to create opportunities for individuals and families to engage in conversations about their personal and community connections to water. The decision to use a collaborative design process sought to respect and honor the diversity of voices in these communities by enabling them to express their experiences with water in their own words and see their perspectives incorporated in the ensuing programs and exhibit. As an important Drst step, the project conducted a needs assessment, which invited communities to share their perspectives and stories through surveys and interviews. As the COVID-19 pandemic unfolded our project team adjusted its approach to ensure the voices of those hardest hit by the pandemic, Indigenous and Latinx communities, were heard. Instead of in-person relationship building as initially planned, the project team pivoted toward a snowball approach to collect one-on-one phone interviews. Findings from surveys and community interviews showed water conservation, water access, water availability, and water quality were common priorities. This project shows how a collaborative process paired with evaluation can be used as tools for community participation for informed decision making in the design of informal educational experiences.

Rural communities in Colorado face different challenges than urban areas when responding to the impacts of climate change. While these communities may not have access to the financial resources and planning infrastructure that large cities do, close community ties and an entrepreneurial can-do attitude give these communities an advantage to create opportunities for meaningful classroom community engagement. HEART Force is a unique program for secondary students in rural Colorado formal learning settings that educates and empowers students to respond to climate change impacts in the face of increasing likelihood and severity of environmental hazards such as wildfires, floods and drought. The program supports youth partnership with community leaders and experts to build resilience through a three-pronged approach using a curriculum designed to support NGSS. Students begin the unit by learning about the science of environmental hazards and how these hazards will be affected by climate change through analysis of local data. Next, students learn how to manage and respond to hazards in their community in a scenario-based role-play game. The unit culminates in a community resilience expo, giving students the opportunity to address impacts from environmental hazards by developing, presenting, and implementing strategies to increase community resilience. We will share the program design, lessons learned from teacher professional development and support, and preliminary research findings on the program impacts on students and teachers.

Environmental hazards such as wildfire, flood, and drought impact communities throughout Colorado. As climate change ramps up, these environmental hazards are increasing in frequency and severity. These hazards and their impacts provide an excellent access point for students to explore earth science concepts and community well being. The Hazard Education Awareness and Resilience Task Force (HEART Force) is a program for secondary classrooms in rural Colorado designed to help teachers and students move beyond classroom instruction and empower them to lead local efforts to increase resilience to environmental hazards. Colorado has recently adapted and adopted NGSS which provide opportunities for students to engage in real world learning through exploring locally relevant phenomena, yet many classroom teachers are challenged to transition to a new style of teaching driven by student inquiry. With this transition, teachers are being asked to give up some control of the learning process and become facilitators rather than directors of learning. In order to successfully facilitate authentic student engagement, a network of community partners is essential to support students, as well as a supportive school administration and a high level of teacher comfort with risk and uncertainty. The HEART Force program is in the third year of implementation; here we share lessons learned and challenges in supporting teachers in this transition to student-led and community-based learning using resilience education.

Coronal mass ejections (CMEs), the large scale transient eruptions from the Sun, interact with the Earth’s magnetosphere while travelling into the heliosphere. The energetic interplanetary CME (ICME) at 1AU not only creates geomagnetic storms and disrupts the magnetic field structure around the Earth but also impacts the plasma environment, causes strong aurorae, and disturbs the radio and electrical transmission massively. We use 3D compressible magnetohydrodynamic simulation of a star-planet system and study the interesting magnetohydrodynamic processes like bow-shock, magnetopause, magnetotail, planet-bound current sheets, magnetic reconnections, atmospheric mass loss as well as particle injection, etc., when an ICME flux rope crosses the Earth at 1 AU. We use the uniformly twisted force-free flux rope model proposed by Gold and Hoyle in 1960 to initiate the ICME and vary the flux rope properties using actual observational data. We observe a change in magnetopause’s shape and the stand-off distance to the magnetopause. We notice twist helicity injection inside the magnetotail current system. We discover comparative increment in both the rates of atmospheric mass out-flow and solar wind in-flow in the vicinity of Earth during the geo-storm. Such studies will help us understand how energetic magnetic storms from a host star impact planetary magnetospheres and atmospheres with implications for planetary and exoplanetary habitability.

The spatiotemporal evolution of droughts in the Congo River Basin (CRB) from 1981–2018 was investigated using the Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) and Standardised Precipitation–Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) to assess the roles of precipitation and potential evapotranspiration. The results confirmed a notable trend toward drier conditions, particularly in parts of the northern and central basin, as well as in the south of the CRB, which was associated with increases in potential evapotranspiration and declining rainfall. Global outputs of the Lagrangian model FLEXPART were used to model air masses over four important climatological regions considered to be the main sources of precipitation in the CRB, and their contributions to precipitation over the basin were computed. These analyses confirmed that moisture in the CRB is ~60% self-sourced; African lands were the next greatest contributor, followed by the Indian and Atlantic Oceans. It was found that a reduction in contributions of the sources prevailed during 53 meteorological drought episodes that affected the CRB during the study period and it could be inferred that a reduction in moisture supplied from the Atlantic and Indian Oceans played an important role in the onset of drought episodes. It was also observed that the contribution of moisture from all sources to the CRB decreased during the study period, especially over the northern half of the basin, where the main humid forest of the CRB is located, confirming the importance of water transport and local hydroclimatological dynamics on the hydrological conditions, ecosystems, and local communities of the CRB.