The NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) is the primary Digital Library portal for researchers in Astronomy and Astrophysics. It is also used extensively by the broader community of Space Science Researchers. In addition to the scientific literature, the ADS has for a long time included in its database non-traditional scholarly resources such as research proposals, software packages, and high-level data products, making them discoverable and easily citable. Over the next three years, in response to NASA’s efforts supporting interdisciplinary research across Science Mission Directorate Divisions, the ADS will expand its coverage of Planetary Science and Heliophysics content. During this time, an in-depth analysis of this disciplinary content will provide us with opportunities to improve our coverage of the literature as well as linked research objects such as datasets and software, improving their discoverability and citability. In this presentation I provide an overview of the ADS system, its distinguishing features, and then focus on our efforts to support and promote the goals of Open Science.

Bioretention cells are a Low Impact Development (LID) technology that is being promoted as a green solution to attenuate urban stormwater nutrient loadings. Despite extensive implementation of bioretention cells in Canada, the mechanistic understanding of phosphorus (P) cycling in bioretention cells is still limited. We conducted detailed analyses of (geo)chemical and hydrological data coupled to numerical reactive transport modeling to simulate the fate and transport of P in a bioretention cell located in Mississauga (Ontario, Canada) within the Credit River watershed. Our objective is to utilize the model to predictively understand the accumulation and speciation of P in the bioretention cell under long-term field operation. Unlike existing bioretention models, our model incorporates a detailed representation of the biogeochemical processes that control P cycling in the bioretention cell. We further compare the model predictions with data from sequential chemical extractions of P from soil samples taken from the bioretention cell. The model correctly estimates the cumulative TP (total P) and SRP (soluble reactive P) outflow loadings from the bioretention cell, as well as the TP accumulation rate and observed partitioning of P over the different pools in the bioretention cell. The relative importance of various processes controlling P retention are assessed using mass balance calculations and sensitivity analyses of the model. The results show that filtration of fine P-containing particles and slow sorption are the main processes retaining P in the bioretention cell.

Raindrop splash engenders the dispersion and transport of the soil particles, that is the primary stage in the process of soil erosion. Raindrops with different diameters may have different influences on different soil structures. The research objective was to quantitatively and visually analyze the change in surface aggregates and pore microstructure of five soils (Eum-Orthic Anthrosol, Ustalf, Cumulic Haplustoll, Ustochnept and Quartisamment) in the Loess Plateau caused by various raindrop diameters (2.67, 3.39 and 4.05 mm) using rainfall tests, synchrotron-based X-ray micro-computed tomography (SR-μCT) and digital picture processing. Surface aggregate fragmentation and pore plugging rose as growing raindrop diameter. Under raindrop splash, the increase in raindrop diameter increased the number of microaggregates ({less than or equal to} 250 μm) of Cumulic Haplustoll, Ustalf and Eum-Orthic Anthrosol; the irregular pore-shape factor of Quartisamment and Ustochnept; and the total number of aggregates and pores. Moreover, the soil physicochemical properties also had a significant impact on surface aggregate breakdown and pore plugging (P < 0.01). Higher sand contents made the soil structure of Quartisamment and Ustochnept more susceptible to splashing. The FD of Eum-Orthic Anthrosol, Ustalf and Cumulic Haplustoll were lower than those of Quartisamment and Ustochnept. The results showed that during rainfall, both raindrop diameter and soil properties affect surface aggregate stability and pore connectivity, which creates the material basis for forming surface crust, clogging pores and reducing the infiltration rate.

The warming climate intensifies the frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events, leading to increases in precipitation-induced disasters. Precipitation-induced disasters such as flooding, landslide, and debris flow possess the potential risk of damage to socio-economic activity. The losses due to concurrent hazards in a region not only depend on the intensity and frequency but also socio-economic condition, topography, and exposure to the affected region. Recent advancements in risk mapping have shown approaches to measure the vulnerability to disaster but not accounting for concurrent hazards can lead to underestimation of risk. Here we propose the framework to assess the risk of concurrent precipitation-induced disasters while incorporating socio-economic, topographic, and land use information. In Kerala, India, the Periyar river basin is selected as a testbed for analysis considering 2018 extreme precipitation events. We perform 2D hydrodynamic flood inundation modeling to analyze the spread of the flood with the Spatio-temporal simulations of shallow landslides and debris flows using infinite slope-based stability and erosion models to identify the exposure of disaster. We evaluate socio-economic vulnerability and topographic vulnerability using disparate techniques from census demographic data and digital elevation model data respectively and exposure using land use information. The risk mapping is performed at the taluka (sub-district) level in the Periyar basin. Our results show better land-use planning considering multi-hazard vulnerability assessments reduces the exposed risk and would be beneficial for risk mitigation measures in high-risk areas

The enormous groundwater demand globally have possessed a threat to groundwater security. Rajasthan being one of the water deficit states of India is pivotal to determine its groundwater potential zone for sustainability. Diverse thematic layers such as drainage density, landuse, rainfall, geology, geomorphology was prepared. The geomorphology, landuse, drainage and soil map was prepared using IRS-1D LISSІІІ satellite image. Through, appointing the relative weightage to the thematic maps the final groundwater potential map was prepared. A comparative analysis for the groundwater potential map and the groundwater level data was done for confirmation. The groundwater potential zone can be classified as high, medium or low. The positions of various existing wells along with the contour map of groundwater table can be draped with groundwater potential map. The groundwater table usually found flat over the regions of higher groundwater potential zones. Thus, with the increasing demography along with rising demand the wells should be laid over the area with higher potential. The remote sensing and GIS can be efficiently and smoothly used to determine the groundwater potential zones with suitable sites for well construction. Keywords: Groundwater sustainability, Remote Sensing, Geographic Information System, Thematic layers, Groundwater potential map.

Magmatic fluids within the crust may exist under supercritical conditions (e.g. >374°C and >22.1 MPa for pure water). Geothermal systems using such supercritical fluids have gained attention as unconventional geothermal resources because they can offer significantly more energy than conventional geothermal fluids with temperatures <350°C. Although an understanding of the spatial distribution and fluid fraction of supercritical geothermal reservoirs is necessary for their resource assessment, the spatial distribution and fluid fraction of supercritical geothermal reservoirs worldwide are poorly understood due to the limited number of geophysical observations. Here, the magnetotelluric (MT) method with electrical resistivity imaging was used in the Yuzawa geothermal field, northeastern Japan, to obtain information on the fluid fraction and spatial distribution of a supercritical geothermal reservoir. Our MT data revealed a potential supercritical geothermal reservoir (>400°C) with a horizontal dimension of 3 km (width) × 5 km (length) at a depth of 2.5–6 km. The estimated fluid fraction of the supercritical reservoir was 0.5–2% with a salinity of 5–10 wt%. The melt was imaged below a supercritical geothermal reservoir. Based on the resistivity model, we propose a mechanism for the evolution of a supercritical fluid reservoir, wherein upwelling supercritical fluids supplied from the melt are trapped under less permeable silica sealing. As a result, supercritical fluids accumulate under the silica sealing. This study is the first to present a detailed estimation of the spatial distribution and fluid fraction of a potential supercritical geothermal reservoir.

Slab subduction imaged by seismic tomography implies extensive mantle convection and circulation in the Earth’s interior. Widespread subduction of the western Pacific plate beneath the eastern Eurasian plate has left peculiar geochemical and geophysical signatures in the upper mantle of East Asia, which allow to investigate the extent of thermochemical interactions between the subducting plates and the surrounding mantle. Here we provide refined images of the stagnant Pacific slab and the mantle transition zone beneath northeast Asia. We applied teleseismic traveltime tomography and 3-D body-wave waveform modeling by using high-quality datasets from dense seismic arrays including in the Korean Peninsula and southwestern Japan, and found a clear signature of fragmentation of the stagnant Pacific slab. We imaged a localized low-velocity anomaly with high Vp/Vs ratio at 410-km depth above the slab gap, which was interpreted to be partial melting. The segmented Pacific slab reflects a rapid change in boundaries between the Pacific plate, Eurasian plate, and Philippine Sea plate during the Early to mid-Miocene. The slab fragmentation likely has facilitated localized mantle convection in the upper mantle and the mantle transition zone around the slab segments. Our images provide evidence of dynamic interplay between the evolving plate configurations, subducting slabs, and the surrounding mantle.

Type III radio bursts are associated with energetic electrons accelerated by solar flares from the lower corona. The standard theory links these emissions to a conversion of plasma oscillations excited by the bump-on-tail instability into electromagnetic waves. Since electron beams can propagate to large heliospheric distances and continue to emit radio waves, the instability must be finely balanced, not to disrupt their propagation (so-called Sturrock’s dilemma). To explain this, many models invoking contrasting processes have been proposed (e.g. quasilinear vs strong turbulence description of interactions between various plasma modes). In this study, we perform 2D PIC simulations of beam injection, propagation, and emissions in a large system without periodic boundary conditions. Results demonstrate that the beam decouples from the excited electrostatic oscillations near the injection site and propagates through the background plasma with relatively small energy loss. Downstream, the instability continues to operate only at the beam front. The main body of the beam between downstream and upstream reaches a quasi-steady state. It may become unstable again where the background plasma is colder or less dense. Background temperature variations affect the beam instability more than background density fluctuations. Radio emissions at plasma frequency and its second harmonic are primarily generated upstream in the region of intense fluctuations, where both classical signatures of three-wave conversion processes and those associated with modulational instability are detected. Our results are consistent with satellite data showing that electron beams often continue to generate type III radio bursts even beyond 1 AU. They illustrate in a first-principle model how a beam state consistent with subsequent quasilinear relaxation emerges shortly after beam injection.

Whistler-mode waves have often been proposed as a plausible mechanism for pitch angle scattering and energization of electron populations in the solar wind. Recent studies reported observations of obliquely propagating and narrowband waves consistent with the whistler mode at 1 AU. Close to 0.3 AU, similar waves have also been observed in PSP data, where evidence of strong scattering of strahl electrons indicates that these waves regulate the electron heat flux. At both radial distances, the wave amplitude can be as high as 10% of the ambient magnetic field. The oblique propagation angle enables resonant interactions without requiring that the electrons counter-stream with the waves. Self-consistent PIC simulations by Roberg-Clark et al (2019) and Micera et al (2020) studied the strahl scattering and subsequent halo formation due to anomalous resonant interactions enabled by oblique whistlers generated from the heat flux fan instability. Observational studies of whistlers near the Sun have also concluded that they are connected to this instability. Cattell and Vo (2021) also demonstrated the same features of the scattering from a particle tracing simulation, one advantage of which is the ability to calculate kinetic quantities such as the diffusion coefficients. Also, the tracing code includes variational calculations to ensure energy conservation in the presence of highly chaotic dynamics. In this study, we investigate in more detail the resonant interactions of electrons with these high amplitude and oblique whistlers. We will show that these waves at 0.3 AU may exceed the stochasticity condition where resonance overlap occurs. Furthermore, the stochastic width around the primary islands might be large enough that diffusion is enabled even before they overlap. In simulations with 1 AU parameters, the particle motion is strongly stochastic where all harmonics significantly overlap, leading to an isotropic pitch angle diffusion which forms the halo population. Our calculations also indicate the presence of higher-order effects, allowing for sub- and super-harmonic resonant interactions.

Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) modelling and simulation is an active area of research in earth science due to the inability to observe detailed 3D structure of the subsurface fracture network. There are few software packages available for DFN modelling and simulation. However, they are mostly complex to use, commercial, and closed sourced. Thereby, precluding any form of adaptability by researchers to functionalities not included in these packages. This work introduces an easy to use, open source library, Y-Frac, for DFN modelling and analysis. Y-Frac is built upon the python APIs available on Rhinoceros 6. Hence, Y-Frac is fit for use on Rhinoceros software package. Y-Frac can model fracture networks containing circular, elliptical and regular polygonal fractures. This library is computationally cheap for DFN modelling and analysis. Some of the functionalities of this library for DFN analysis include fracture intersection analysis, cut-plane analysis, and percolation analysis. Algorithms for constructing an intersection matrix and determining percolation state of a fracture network are also included in this work. The output text file from this library containing modelled fracture networks’ parameters can serve as input for appropriate software packages to simulate flow and perform mechanical analysis in fracture networks. The practical applicability of Y-Frac was demonstrated by performing percolation threshold analysis of 3D fracture networks and comparing the results to published data.

The water production function (Ky) defines the quantitative response of the water deficit to overall yield during a given phenological stage and is a key parameter in deficit irrigation planning in water-scarce scenarios A three-year field trials were carried out on clay loam soil of semiarid India in complete ran-domized blocks with 27 treatments and 2 replicates. Treatments consisted of applying irrigation depths equivalents to 100%, 70% and 40% replenishments of the soil water from the root zone at development, mid-season and end stages of sugarcane. Each treatment was defined to investigate effect of specified water depth on specified phenological stage independently. The actual evapotranspi-ration (ETa) was determined by the field water balance of the root zone while the Ky were calculated according to the FAO-33 report methodology. In particular, during the mid-season and development stages, the referred yield decreases have been shown to be responsive to water deficits. Seasonal Ky values ranged from 1.05 to 1.18 over 3 seasons with an average value of 1.11 showing sugarcane intolerant to water deficit (Ky > 1). Based on the phenological stage ETa, Ky values for development, mid-season and end stages were 0.31, 0.76 and 0.07, respectively. Ky values calculated for development and mid-season stage in this research was different than FAO-33. It could be concluded that during mid-season, water deficit must be avoided; 30 % and 60 % water deficit are appropriate if applied respectively in the in development and end stages.

In December 2020, Chang’e-5 returned samples from mare basalt unit Em4/P58 in northern Oceanus Procellarum. With an absolute model age of 1.21-1.53 Ga (Hiesinger et al. 2003; Qian et al., 2018, 2021a). Elevation analysis of the interior of Rima Sharp and Mairan, plus geomorphological observations suggest lava backfilling of Rima Sharp with younger lava from Rima Mairan. Analysis of the magnetic field at the surface also shows that the younger lava from the southern Mairan vents, which covered the southeastern part of Em4/P58 is unmagnetized. Our new magnetic anomaly analysis shows that Em4/P58 unit can be divided into magnetized (northwest) and unmagnetized (southeast) parts. The comprehensive analysis of magnetic anomaly and topography shows that lava from southern rille is likely to have reached the Chang’e-5 landing site. Samples returned by Chang’e-5 will help constrain the source of lava flow and the evolution of the lunar magnetic field over time.

Deep reinforcement learning has been used to establish real-time control of urban drainage system (UDS) for flooding mitigation in recent studies. However, only model-based reinforcement learning was under consideration, which means that a mathematical model of UDS is necessarily needed during RL’s training process. Although this is a natural way to establish RL system, it causes several problems, including (i) too much training time, (ii) too “rich” cache data, and (iii) too “perfect” training environment. To address these problems, a model-free RL training framework based on two Koopman emulators is provided and validated through simulation with respect to an UDS in a city located in eastern China. This framework achieves shorter training time and higher efficiency of data usage through the fast nonlinear emulation capability of Koopman emulators and the equalization between the dimension of emulator’s observable and RL’s state. Also, certain randomness is provided in RL training process through emulation. According to the results, compared with model-based RLs, this framework achieves a similar control effect with a 20 to 23 times faster training process and 79.67 times higher efficiency of data usage. The uncertainty analysis shows that slight perturbation which does not statistically change the control system in the training and testing process will not leverage the control effect of both model-based and model-free RLs. Meanwhile, the performances of the Koopman emulators of UDS are strongly related to their hyperparameters and the similarity between training data and test data.

Real-time control (RTC) has been proved an efficient ​tool in assisting combined sewer systems with their response to different rainfalls and enhance the performance of combined sewer overflow (CSO) and flooding reduction. Recently, a new RTC approach based on deep q learning is developed for flooding control in stormwater system. Although this work achieved a milestone of urban water management in the direction of smart city, some further steps are still worth exploring. For instance, the control effects of different kinds of RLs are unknown. Also, the safety and the performance of RLs still need further improvement. In this paper, three tasks are completed to address these problems. First, five individual RLs are used to design five RTC systems and compared with each other. Then, a hybrid RTC system, called Voting system, is developed based on the combination of multi-RLs and model predictive control for better safety. Meanwhile, a new RL training method, called q value improvement (QVI), is provided to improve the RLs’ performance. All the models are evaluated by simulating the real-time implementation using a SWMM model of a city in eastern China. According to the results: (i) All the five trained RLs show promise in CSO and flooding reduction with different control effect and trajectory. (ii) Voting selects a relatively safer control trajectory than a single RL, providing a guarantee of safety. (iii) The QVI improves the performance of RLs with the maximum improvement rate of 0.276431.

The three-component model is often used to invert the phytoplankton size class (PSC) concentration globally, especially in open oceans. Limited by the three-component model’s assumption, new efforts were made to explore PSC in different water environments. Mass global cruise data sets were gathered and classified into coastal, mixed, and open ocean data sets depending on the variation in bathymetric depth. A new power three-component model was established for coastal water samples (<50 m), where the determination coefficient (R2) were 0.99, 0.51, and 0.38 for micro- (Micro), nano- (Nano), and picophytoplankton (Pico), respectively. We also updated the coefficients of the exponential three-component model in open ocean (>200 m) and found that the PSC verification results performed better in the north of −40°N oceans (R2: 0.83, 0.70, and 0.64, respectively). A smooth function for the samples in mixed ocean waters (50–200 m) was designed to obtain PSC by different weights between the power and exponential three-component models with relatively low accuracy (R2: 0.84, 0.37, and 0.14, respectively), indicative of the complex conditions in these regions. We assessed the published models’ performance in coastal and open ocean samples and found an apparent underestimation of the Nano and Pico chlorophyll concentrations when their concentrations were larger than 0.2 mg m-3. The PSC proportion distribution was consistent with existing knowledge. This study evaluated the preliminary consideration of the assumption of the exponential three-component model and found that it may fail in the South Ocean, based on the global open ocean data set.

Rock heights and three-dimensional shapes around the InSight lander in Homestead hollow, Mars, provide new constraints on modification of the degraded 27 m in diameter impact crater and are a tool for characterizing degradation on regolith-covered lava plains on Mars. Decreasing average rock height and increasing percentage of fragments where height comprises the short axis from outside to within the hollow supports significant ejecta deflation accompanied by infilling of the interior. Rock relief outside the hollow is compared with expectations of pristine ejecta thickness and indicates up to ~40 cm of near-rim early deflation (decreasing to a few cm out to one diameter) can account for the predicted eolian component of infilling and that other eolian infilling sources are not required. Scattered rocks in the hollow are ejecta from subsequent nearby impacts and their mostly buried expression is consistent with subsequent long-term degradation estimated to be 10-4 m/Myr. Basalt rock shapes at InSight are likely similar to basalt rock shapes on Earth, but appear more platy, bladed, and elongate in a triangular form factor plot and more discoidal and bladed in an axes ratio plot. Nevertheless, addition of 10 cm to near rim rock heights to account for continued partial embedding in ejecta would result in rock shapes quite similar to terrestrial rocks. Consistency between degradation estimates based on current rock relief and rock shape after accounting for partial embedding in ejecta indicates up to ~30-40 cm early (~0.1 Ga) near-rim deflation was followed by much lesser long-term degradation.

Microplastics are ubiquitously found in the environment; however, our knowledge about their storage and mechanism in the burial record is scarce. We selected a core (CCYY1) in the tidal flat of the Yangtze Estuary and investigated its microplastic pollution and sediment grain size. Both plastic production and sediment grain size were significantly positively correlated with microplastic abundance, revealing that the distribution of microplastics in the core was mutually affected by plastic production and extreme flood events. Moreover, the sedimentary record increased rapidly in microplastic abundance and microplastic diversity during the historic extreme flood. The resuspension of upstream microplastics and erosion of land-based microplastics by heavy rain may be responsible for the increase during flood events. Microplastic abundance had a significant period of 8 a and 22 a, indicating the influence of El Niño-Southern Oscillation and solar activity. This study also proposed microplastics as a proxy index for palaeo-flooding.

Wildfire emissions affect downwind air quality and human health. Predictions of these impacts using models are limited by uncertainties in emissions and chemical evolution of smoke plumes. Using high-time-resolution aircraft measurements, we illustrate spatial variations that can exist horizontally and vertically within a plume due to differences in the photochemical environment. Dilution-corrected mixing ratio gradients were observed for reactive compounds and their oxidation products, such as nitrous acid, catechol, and ozone, likely due to faster photochemistry in optically-thinner plume edges relative to darker plume cores. Mixing ratio gradients in midday plumes, driven by jHONO gradients, are often steepest in the freshest transects, and become flatter with chemical aging. Gradients in plumes emitted close to sunset are characterized by titration of O3 in the plume and little to no gradient formation. We show how gradients can lead to underestimated emission ratios for reactive compounds and overestimated emission ratios for oxidation products.