The recent spacecraft observations by MMS and Van Allen Probes associated with electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves (EMIC) in the Earth magnetosphere emphasize the important role of multi-ion plasma composition for generation and characteristics of these emissions. We show that main properties of the coherent EMIC waves can be explained with the concept of ‘multi-ion oscillitons’ (Sauer et al., 2001). In a plasma with two types of ions of different masses (e.g. protons and oxygen ions), oscillitons arise from the exchange of momentum and energy between the two ion components, with the electromagnetic field acting as a mediator. At frequencies near cross-over frequencies of different wave modes in the multi-ion plasma the nonlinear resonance which strongly amplifies the seed unstable mode can be excited. A small phase difference in oscillations of different ion species leads to a nonlinear wave beating and generation of wave packets. The ‘resonance ‘ frequency is characterized by a local maximum of the phase velocity and the coincidence of phase and group velocity. It is suggested that the oscillitons are triggered by the instability due to the proton temperature anisotropy and may propagate outside the source region. The generation of coherent waves by oscillitons is of general nature and may contribute to understand the manifold of phenomena in other space plasma environments in which the dynamics of minor ion admixtures cannot be neglected. The concept of oscillitons can also be applied to the momentum exchange between particle groups of the same mass, but different temperature.

As groundwater found in aquifers is the main reservoir of freshwater for human activity, knowledge of the future response of groundwater to climate change is key for improving water management adaptation plans. We analyse the climate-driven evolution of future levels of unconfined aquifers in the 218 world’s major groundwater basins in global climate simulations following the latest IPCC scenarios, run with models able to capture feedbacks among climate, land use and groundwater. We find a rising of groundwater levels on global average, which is consistent with the projected global intensification of precipitation. This signal presents large regional disparities which mostly match the patterns of precipitation changes. As the climate models we used do not simulate human groundwater withdrawals (irrigation as well as domestic and industrial uses) which represent the other main driver of groundwater levels evolution, we also use FAO maps of present-day irrigated areas and projections of population in 2100 to identify regions where groundwater withdrawals could exacerbate the projected depletion, or even reverse a projected rise into a depletion. Depending on the scenario, we then find a rise (respectively a depletion) of groundwater levels in 2100 over 33[28-39]% to 42[41-45]% (respectively 26[25-32]% to 37[36-40]%) of the area covered by the 218 world’s major groundwater basins. And we estimate that 31[29-36]% to 43[42-44]% of the world’s population could be affected by these groundwater changes, facing either water scarcity issues (for 29[27-33]% to 40[39-40]% of the population), or increased risks of flooding (for 1.7[1.5-2.2]% to 2.2[2.2-2.4]% of the population).

Earthquake-triggered slow-moving landslides are not well studied mainly due to lack of high-resolution in-situ geodetic observations both in time and space. Satellite-based interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) has shown potential in landslides applications, however, it is challenging to detect earthquake-triggered slow-moving landslides over large areas due to the effects of post-seismic tectonic deformations, atmospheric delays, and other spatially propagated errors (e.g., decorrelation noises caused unwrapped errors). Here, we present a novel InSAR phase-gradient-based time-series approach to detect slow-moving landslides that triggered by the 2016 Mw 7.8 Kaikōura earthquake. 21 earthquake-triggered large (> 0.1 km 2) slow-moving landslides are detected and studied. Our results reveal decaying characteristics of the temporal evolutions of these landslides, that averagely after 3.9 years since the earthquake, their postseismic velocity will decay 90% and close to pre-seismic level. Our study opens new perspectives for the research of the mass balance of earthquakes and helps reduce associated hazards.

Communities around the world are increasingly interested in nature-based solutions to mitigation of coastal risks like coastal forests, but it remains unclear how much protective benefits vegetation provides, particularly in the limit of highly energetic flows after tsunami impact. The current study, using a three-dimensional incompressible computational fluid dynamics model with a fluid-structure interaction approach, aims to quantify how energy reflection and dissipation vary with different degrees of rigidity and vegetation density of a coastal forest. We represent tree trunks as cylinders and use the elastic modulus of hardwood trees such as pine or oak to characterize the rigidity of these cylinders. The numerical results show that energy reflection increases with rigidity only for a single cylinder. In the presence of multiple cylinders, the difference in energy reflection created by varying rigidity diminishes as the number of cylinders increases. Instead of rigidity, we find that the blockage area created by the presence of multiple tree trunks dominates energy reflection. As tree trunks are deformed by the hydrodynamic forces, they alter the flow field around them, causing turbulent kinetic energy generation in the wake region. As a consequence, trees dissipate flow energy, highlighting coastal forests reducing the onshore energy flux of tsunamis by means of both reflection and dissipation.

For designing of Ground Source Heating Systems (GSHS) Thermal Response Tests (TRT) are used for a long time. TRTs generally provide a profound basis for the final implementation of a GSHS. They obtain the effective thermal conductivity and thermal resistance of a borehole. Until today several TRT types have been introduced and defined as Geothermal Response Test (GRT), Enhanced GRT (EGRT), Constant Heat Flux TRT (chTRT), Constant temperature (ctTRT ) etc.. These models mainly focus on closed heat exchangers in shallow boreholes. However, recent developments in medium depth drilling technologies make deeper boreholes more economic. Furthermore, advanced methodologies for obtaining thermal conductivities in deep and open boreholes are progressing. In this study, we introduce a new simple thermal conductivity obtaining methodology that can be used for deep and open boreholes. Generally, TRTs are applied with the circulation of water inside pipes or immersing probes in water. In case of water circulation in deep boreholes, different heat flux values will be attributed to different layers. Moreover, by introducing a constant heat flux similar to conventional TRT into water-filled boreholes or water-filled pipes, convective movements of water will occur and thermal conductivities cannot be obtained. However, immersed probes as a heat source might prevent water convection cells inside a pipe or a borehole. In deep boreholes, the heat flux is depended on the thermal conductivity of each layer. Thus, deep boreholes require a discrete heat introduction into every single layer of different thermal conductivity in order to keep the temperature constant. The thermal conductivity of each layer can be approximated and integrated over the total length of a deep borehole. This effect is analytically and numerically investigated in this study.

Resolution plays a major role in the accuracy of wave simulations, and its definition is an important step of wave modelling. It should be chosen taking into consideration the specific goals of each single study, balancing between the need of local space/time skill, the known limits of the employed wind forcing and of the implemented wave physics, and the constraints represented by the available computation resources. In this study we analyzed the effect of wind and wave model resolution on global-scale wave simulations, employing WAVEWATCHIII and wind forcing from CFSR reanalysis and a downscaled CMIP5 model. The resolution of both the model and wind forcing were varied between 0.4 and 1.5°. Decreasing wind resolution alone, without recalibrating the model, leads to negative bias in the simulated significant wave height due to smoother forcing wind peaks. This effect is more than compensated if the wave resolution is reduced, due to the numerical tendency to overestimate wave growth. Improving subscale modelling, which plays a major role in the skill of low-resolution models, leads to significantly better performances in many areas. Although the skill at a resolution of 0.4° is slightly better, the performance at 0.75° and 1.5° is comparable, both in terms of mean and extreme significant wave height. Finally, the impact of resolution (0.75° and 1.5°) on projected waves under a high-warming climate change scenario is not significant. Our results suggest that, unless substantial improvement of atmosphere-ocean dynamics is introduced in the model, lower resolution simulations can be used without major loss of information in studies that focus on global patterns and tendencies, or on overall conditions in large areas.

MESSENGER's exploration of Mercury has revealed a rich and dynamic geological history and provided constraints on the processes that control the planet's internal evolution. That history includes resurfacing by impacts and volcanism prior to the end of the late heavy bombardment and a subsequent rapid waning of effusive volcanism. MESSENGER also revealed a global distribution of thrust faults that collectively accommodated a decrease in Mercury's radius far greater than thought before the mission. Measurements of elemental abundances on Mercury's surface indicate the planet is strongly chemically reduced, helping to characterize the composition and manner of crystallization of the metallic core. The discovery of a northward offset of the weak, axially aligned internal magnetic field, and of crustal magnetization in the planet's ancient crust, places new limits on the history of the core dynamo and the entire interior. Models of Mercury's thermochemical evolution subject to these observational constraints indicate that mantle convection may persist to the present but has been incapable of significantly homogenizing the mantle. These models also indicate that Mercury's dynamo generation is influenced by both a static layer at the top of the core and convective motions within the core driven by compositional buoyancy.

Researchers are challenged with preparing and complying with data management plans and open data mandates. The ocean science repository community has demonstrated the benefits of providing FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable) data to its researchers through innovative alliances, robust metadata, and semantic connectivity. Challenges still exist in coordinating science policy, and research services across funders, institutions, and publishers that support the researcher’s data management needs. The convenors of this session request abstracts that focus on the value of FAIR data to the research community and the tools that support data discovery, compliance with data management plans, transparency, reproducibility, and research integrity.

The left-lateral Enriquillo-Plantain Garden Fault (EPGF) is one of two transform systems that define the Northern Caribbean plate boundary zone. Relative motion across its trace (~ 10 mm/yr) evolves from nearly pure strike-slip in western Haiti to transpressional in eastern Haiti, where the fault system may terminate against a south-dipping oblique reverse fault. Lake Azuei is a large (10 km x 25 km) and shallow (< 30 m deep) lake that lies in the direct extension of the EPGF in eastern Haiti. A single core previously collected in the lake suggests high sedimentation rates at its depocenter (~6 mm/yr). The shallow lake stratigraphy is therefore expected to faithfully record any tectonic deformation that occurred within the past few thousand years. In January 2017, we acquired a grid of high-resolution (~10 cm), shallow penetration (~4 to 5 m) subbottom seismic (CHIRP) profiles spaced 1.2 km apart across the entire lake. A new bathymetric map compiled from these CHIRP data and some prior echosounder survey reveals a flat lake floor (<0.01°) surrounded by steep (~5°) shoreline slopes. The CHIRP profiles highlight several gentle folds that protrude from the flat lakebed near the southern shore, an area where transpressional deformation is presumably focused. Thin (< 20 cm) horizontal strata from the lakebed can be traced onto the flanks of these gentle folds and pinch out in an upward curve. They also often pinch upward onto the base of the shoreline slopes, indicating that young sediments on the lakebed bypassed the folds as well as the shoreline slopes. We interpret this feature as diagnostic of sediments deposited by turbidity currents. The fact that young turbidites pinch out in upward curves suggests that the folds are actively growing, and that active contractional structures (folds and/or blind thrust faults) control much of the periphery of the lake. A few sediment cores were strategically located where beds are pinching out in order to maximize stratigraphic records. Two of these cores successfully penetrated strata imaged by the CHIRP profiles. On-going Pb210 dating of sediment samples from the cores should constrain sedimentation rates and thus help quantify the rates of the tectonic deformation.

To assess the tectonic response of near-field and far-field deformation in the upper plate of a subduction/collision system, we present here a thermochronological study on the subduction related-arc Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone(SSZ) and North Central East Iranian Microcontinent (CEIM), respectively as near-field and far-field of the upper plate of Neo-Tethys subduction margin. Samples have been collected from late Middle Jurassic Kolah-Ghazi granitoid (KGg) (ca. 165-170 Ma) in central SSZ, from Upper Cretaceous Kasf granite (ca. 85-100 Ma) and Paleocene-Eocene Kashmar-Azghand Intrusive Complex (KAIC) (ca. 60-41 Ma) from North Doruneh fault which represents the northern mechanical boundary of CIEM. Time-temperature (T-t) inverse modeling on the ZFT, AFT and AHe data has been performed through HeFTY V1.9 program to constrain the thermal/tectonics history of the SSZ and CEIM. Based on the geological field evidence, some independent T-t constraints such as crystallization ages, stratigraphic unconformities, present-day temperature, have been adopted. The T-t inverse modeling of KGg shows: (i) an early episode of cooling in early Lower Cretaceous, during which the intrusive body has been exhumed to the surface (ii) a burial phase during which the KGg as a whole entered the PAZ in consequence of deposition of the Cretaceous successions, and (iii) a last stage corresponding to final exhumation-related cooling started since the Late Cretaceous-Paleocene boundary. The thermal modeling results of Kasf granite shows (i) an early episode of cooling at Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene during which the intrusive bodies and the hosting units have been exhumed to the surface, (ii) second stage corresponding to a burial phase when the Kasf granite as a whole entered the PAZ in consequence of the deposition of the Paleocene-Eocene succession, and (iii) a last stage corresponding to the final exhumation-related cooling, starting since the middle-late Eocene. The thermal modeling results of KAIC shows (i) an episode of enhanced cooling of KAIC at Eocene-Oligocene boundary, (ii) Second stage is characterized by burial phase to temperatures above the PAZ during the Oligocene, (iii) third stage corresponds to exhumation-related cooling during the early Miocene, and (iv) fourth stage corresponds to a renewed episode of enhanced cooling starting at the Miocene-Pliocene transition, during which the KAIC was finally exposed to the surface. These results document that both hinterland near-field and far-field regions respond contemporaneously to the Neotethyan subduction-related exhumation at the Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene boundary. T-t modeling output for Kasf and KAIC also shows Middle-Late Eocene exhumation-related cooling related to the Middle-Late Eocene Zagros collision- related exhumation. T-t modeling output for KAIC also shows Early Miocene and Late Miocene-Pliocene exhumation-related cooling related to the Early Miocene and Late Miocene-Pliocene Zagros collision-related exhumatio

In remote sensing, being able to ensure the accuracy of the satellite data being produced remains an issue; this is especially true for phenological variables such as the Fraction of Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FPAR). FPAR, which is considered an essential climate variable by the Global Terrestrial Observation System (GTOS), utilizes the 400–700 nm wavelength range to quantify the total amount of solar radiation available for photosynthetic use. It is a variable that is strongly influenced by the seasonal, diurnal, and optic properties of vegetation making it an accurate representation of vegetation health. Measurements of ground level FPAR can be completed using flux towers along with a limited number of wireless ground sensors, but due to the finite number and location of these towers, many research initiatives instead use the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) FPAR product, which converts Leaf Area Index (LAI) to a FPAR value using Beer’s Law. This is done despite there being little consensus on whether this is the best method to use for all ecosystems and vegetation types. One particular ecosystem that has had limited study to determine the accuracy of the MODIS derived FPAR products are the Tropical Dry Forests (TDFs) of Latin America. This ecosystem undergoes drastic seasonal changes from leaf off during the dry season to green-up during the wet seasons. This study aims to test the congruency between the MODIS derived FPAR values and ground-based FPAR values in relation to growing season length, growing season start and end dates, the peak and mean of FPAR values, and overall growth/phenological trends at the Santa Rosa National Park Environmental Monitoring Super Site (SR-EMSS) in Costa Rica and FPAR MODIS products. We derive our FPAR from a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consisting of more than 50 nodes measuring transmitted PAR, temperature, relative humidity, and soil moisture over custom time intervals ranging from 2-Hz to 15 min since 2013. Our fundamental goal is to demonstrate how accurate and reflective the MODIS derived FPAR product is of TDF phenology. This will be the first step taken in identifying potential problems with the MODIS derived FPAR products over TDFs in the Americas.

We investigate 85 129 MODIS satellite active fire events from 2007 to 2015 in the Niger Delta of Nigeria. The region is the oil base for Nigerian economy and the hub of oil exploration where oil facilities (i.e. flowlines, flow stations, trunklines, oil wells and oil fields) are domiciled, and from where crude oil and refined products are transported to different Nigerian locations through a network of pipeline systems. Pipeline and other oil facilities are consistently susceptible to oil leaks due to operational or maintenance error, and by acts of deliberate sabotage of the pipeline equipment which often result in explosions and fire outbreaks. We used ground oil spill reports obtained from the National Oil Spill Detection and Response Agency (NOSDRA) database (see www.oilspillmonitor.ng) to validate MODIS satellite data. NOSDRA database shows an estimate of 10 000 spill events from 2007 - 2015. The spill events were filtered to include largest spills by volume and events occurring only in the Niger Delta (i.e. 386 spills). By projecting both MODIS fire and spill as ‘input vector’ layers with ‘Points’ geometry, and the Nigerian pipeline networks as ‘from vector’ layers with ‘LineString’ geometry in a geographical information system, we extracted the nearest MODIS events (i.e. 2192) closed to the pipelines by 1000m distance in spatial vector analysis. The extraction process that defined the nearest distance to the pipelines is based on the global practices of the Right of Way (ROW) in pipeline management that earmarked 30m strip of land to the pipeline. The KML files of the extracted fires in a Google map validated their source origin to be from oil facilities. Land cover mapping confirmed fire anomalies. The aim of the study is to propose a near-real-time monitoring of spill events along pipeline routes using 250 m spatial resolution of MODIS active fire detection sensor when such spills are accompanied by fire events in the study location.

On 1 September 1859, occurred one of the most intense geomagnetic storm that has been documented in recent history. This storm is known as the Carrington Event. On the morning September 1st at around 11:15 UT, Richard Carrington and Richard Hodgson observed in England, independently and for the first time, an intense white light solar flare. About 17 hours after this solar event, occurred the strongest geomagnetic perturbation ever recorded as well as a greatly extended red aurora, which covered unusually low latitudes. The red auroral display on September 2nd was reported in regions where this kind of phenomena are very rare, like in Cuba and Hawaii. Until now however, it was not known to scientists that the low latitude red aurora also registered in Mexico. At that time, Mexico was in a civil war, and there were very difficult conditions in which to establish astronomical and magnetic observatories. Nevertheless, the geomagnetic storm was observed with a maximum of intensity between 7:00-8:00 UTC and re- ported to a Mexican newspaper from five different locations (Mexico City, Queretaro, Guadalajara, Hidalgo, and Guanajuato) and registered also from at least in two additional sites (Michoacan and San Luis Potosı) in other historical documents. These records confirm that the Carrington geomagnetic storm was a global event with planetary repercussions, and that the Mexican low latitude region is susceptible to significant effects associated with intense space weather events.

Land surface phenology (LSP) characterizes the vegetated land surface and is practical to understand terrestrial environmentals at a global scale. Regularly observed remotely sensed data such as Landsat, MODIS, and AVHRR contributes to analyze LSP spatially. However, at least two main challenges should be addressed such that (i) the spatial resolution which attributes to the data source may significantly impact to LSP estimation, and (ii) the estimated LSP may not represent the vegetated land surface well due to the mixed land cover. Previous studies have shown that the estimation of LSP from different data is not consistent due to the spatial scale of data but yet fully linked with the mixed land cover problem. Thus, in this study, we attempt to analyze the impact of spatial scale issue to the estimated LSP in homogenous land cover areas. We use freely available remotely sensed data with different spatial resolution such as Landsat (30m), MODIS (250m, 500m, 1km), and GIMMS3g (8km) and estimate phenological indices for each. As land cover description differs among data products, land cover classes are aggregated into 12 classes globally from major global land cover producs (GLCC, GLC2000, and globcover), then spatially homogenuous land cover are only picked up. Phenological indices such as the magnitude and the peak of DOY are calculated by harmonic analysis to compare results among different spatial scales. The variability of phenological indices is explored according to the different spatial scale under the condition of homogenuous land cover. It is expected to model such variability to overcome the spatial scale impact and such characteristics depending on the spatial scale should be taken into account when considering LSP from satellite.

Land surface phenology (LSP) is associated with climate over space and time, and the monitoring of LSP help understandings of the terrestrial environmental changes. The LSP is often inferred by satellite observation, and long-term and regularly composite satellite imagery is now freely available. In this study, we demonstrate how LSP changes over space and time at the global scale over the last three decades by using GIMMS3g datasets. We focus on the magnitude and the timing of the peak of yearly phenological activity, estimated from a harmonic analysis. The first harmonic curve is regarded as a proxy of the overall productivity of vegetation and the second one is interpreted as a sensitive bimodal system changes. Results show the long-term trend of LSP changes; for example the peak of phenogical activity tend to be earlier in high-latitude regions. Land surface phenology (LSP) is associated with climate over space and time, and the monitoring of LSP help understandings of the terrestrial environmental changes. The LSP is often inferred by satellite observation, and long-term and regularly composite satellite imagery is now freely available. In this study, we demonstrate how LSP changes over space and time at the global scale over the last three decades by using GIMMS3g datasets. We focus on the magnitude and the timing of the peak of yearly phenological activity, estimated from a harmonic analysis. The first harmonic curve is regarded as a proxy of the overall productivity of vegetation and the second one is interpreted as a sensitive bimodal system changes. Results show the long-term trend of LSP changes; for example the peak of phenogical activity tend to be earlier in high-latitude regions.

Extreme environmental events have become a major interest of ecologists. Commonly, extreme climatic events are identified based on “changes in the mean conditions” over a discrete period with respect to the longer-term climatology. In this study we aim to: 1) define a different type of extreme event, i.e. weather extreme events: an event with extreme deviation from an expected value (calculated based on past weather conditions) and 2) quantify ecosystem resistance, recovery, and resilience in response to these shock events based on changes in net ecosystem productivity (NEP) measured over 16 years (2004 – 2019), in a montane mixed forest in Switzerland (CH-LAE, Lägeren). In addition to the identification of the physiological extreme events, we test the hypothesis that extremes associated with continuously varying environmental conditions can modify the physiological functionality of a forest ecosystem. We calculated weather extreme;based on half-hourly measurements of atmospheric water demand (i.e. vapor pressure deficit, VPD) measured alongside eddy covariance flux measurements. Between 2004 and 2019, we found 185 such physiological extreme events (VPD-extreme), ranging from one to seven days, that occurred about 27 % in spring and 68 % in summer. On average NEP decreased by 25% during these VPD-extreme days compared to the normal-VPD day before, resulting in mean resistance (NEPextreme/NEPpre-extreme) of 0.75. Mean recovery (NEPpost-extreme/NEEextreme) was about 0.85, indicating about a 15% decrease in NEP on days after the extreme events compared to before. There was no significant trend in resistance, recovery, and resilience over the 16 years.  Finally, decreased functionality during these VPD-extreme days events confirms our hypothesis. Our approach of looking at the forest response to extreme events is independent of “changes of mean conditions from long-term climatology” and focuses on the ability of the ecosystem to maintain functionality within the realm of “continuous environmental variability”. Identification of physiologically-relevant climatic extremes and testing the legacy effect from those events is a crucial requirement for understanding the future response of forests to climate change.

Stress drops for injection-induced earthquakes near the Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport in the Fort Worth Basin (FWB), Texas are estimated. The mean stress drop for the Airport sequence is lower than other FWB earthquake sequences. Airport earthquake stress drops increase with radial distance from the injection point, but only over the first 1.5 km; estimates for more distant earthquakes are spatially independent, consistent with other FWB sequences. The low stress drop Airport events occurred shortly after the initiation of injection on a fault extremely close to the well, and we suggest that here we uniquely captured the initial low stress drops predicted by direct triggering of earthquake via rapid pore pressure changes.

With the rapid rise in flooding events induced by climate change across the globe, effective flood management strategies through modelling have garnered attention over the years. In the present study, we propose a holistic hydrodynamic flood modelling framework to derive the flooding extent. Various hydraulic scenarios are integrated into the framework which consider different combinations of cross-section and lining material options along the river channel for this purpose. A 3-way coupled flood model has been developed in MIKE FLOOD platform, over Mithi river catchment an extremely flood-prone area in Mumbai, the financial capital of India. Flood influencers such as precipitation, flows through the channel, overland, storm-water drains, and tidal influences are considered to generate flood inundation and hazard maps for the scenarios. The dearth of data in the model is met by implementing alternate robust procedures to compute the design values of the influencers. Subsequently, the maps are derived for different return periods of design precipitation, tidal elevation and streamflow values to identify the most desirable scenario. The proposed framework efficiently determines that the scenario having trapezoidal river cross-section with concrete lining material maximizes the decrease in spatial extent of flood in comparison to the other scenarios. This user-friendly generic approach can be potentially executed as an effective flood mitigation option in thickly populated and socially vulnerable regions where lack of space limit the implementation of structural measures for flood management. The framework can prove instrumental particularly for the developing and under-developed countries where application of these strategies is hindered by inadequacy of data.