AUJOURD'HUI, LES DOCUMENTS SONT STATIQUES Dans la plupart des domaines, les documents numériques fleurissent. Mais au fond qu'apportent-ils de plus que leurs congénères en papier? Au cours de ces deux dernières décennies, l'accès aux ressources est devenu indéniablement plus rapide: en Suisse, chercheurs et citoyens peuvent généralement obtenir un document sans se déplacer. Les premiers consultent leurs articles en quelques clics (grâce aux abonnements gérés par leur bibliothèque, lorsque la publication n'est pas en libre accès). Les seconds bénéficient de pléthore d'e-books, disponibles sur des plateformes commerciales (Payot, Fnac...), dans les e-collections des bibliothèques (Bibliothèque Cantonale et Universitaire de Lausanne, etc.) ou encore via des sites en libre accès (Project Gutenberg ou Wikibooks). Cependant, facilité de diffusion mise à part, la vaste majorité des documents numériques n'apporte que très peu de plus-value au lecteur par rapport au papier. Il y a certes la possibilité de rechercher dans le texte. Mais au fond, le format PDF est essentiellement utilisé comme du papier virtuel. En ce qui concerne les livres numériques, la situation est fort semblable avec d'autres formats spécialisés (tel que le EPUB). Ainsi, l'on reproduit les limitations du support papier dans les formats électroniques. Mais quelles sont les nouvelles possibilités offertes par le numérique?

Cet article est publié dans Hors-Texte numéro 110 (année 2016). Licence: Creative Commons, CC-By-SA.

PRÉAMBULE Cet article est destiné à ouvrir une discussion autour de nos pratiques actuelles en terme de partage et de collaboration. Les exemples donnés dans cet article sont tirés de ce que je connais. Cela fait pencher la balance du côté des bibliothèques académiques. De même, le titre laisse penser que seules les bibliothèques sont concernées. Ce n'est pas le cas. Mais là encore, il s'agit de ce que je vois de mon point de vue. Ainsi, si vous avez des exemples et des idées provenant ou destinées aux bibliothèques de lecture publique, scolaires ou d'entreprise, aux centres de documentation, archives ou autres types d'institutions que j'ai oubliées de lister ici, partagez-les ! Cet article a été rédigé sur Authorea et peut être commenté directement en ligne: cest.la/hors-texte (pour plus de précisions, rendez-vous à la fin de l'article).

IntroductionChild mortality is considered as an indicator of child health and well being UNICEF 2015. Cambodia, a low income country located in South-eastern Asia has recently achieved the Millennium Development Goal for 2015 (MDG 2015), which was to achieve an under 5 years-old-mortality (U5MR) of 39 deaths per 1000 live births UNICEF 2015. Cambodia accomplished an enormous progress during the past decades, going from 117 deaths per 1000 live births in 1990 to 29 in 2015. Rates of Neonatal mortality (number of neonates dying before reaching 28 days of age per 1000 live births) went from 41 in 1990 to 15 in 2015 the_world_bank_mortality_2015. However, even if at a country level Cambodia attained the MDG 2015, a recent study showed significant inequalities within the country Jimenez-Soto 2014. The authors showed that high-income household have a lower rate of under-5 and neonatal mortality. They also pointed out the disparities in terms of U5MR and neonatal mortality between rural and urban areas (especially in Phnom Penh). Studies linking neonatal mortality to other variables have already been done in the past. In 2009, Matsuoka and al, listed perceived barriers to utilization of maternal health service in Cambodia Matsuoka 2010. By interviewing a sample of reproductive-age women aged 15-49 years in six different communities, they conclude that 5 main barriers were present: “Financial barriers”, “Physical barriers” which includes poor geographic access to clinics, “Cognitive barriers”, “Organisational barriers” and “Psychological and socio-economical barriers”. In 1998, Shireen J. Jejeebhoy revealed a link between wife-beating and fetal and infant death based on a survey in rural India Jejeebhoy 1998. More recently, Seetha Menon, in her article: “ Unfinished Lives:  The effect of domestic violence on  neonatal and infant  mortality” Menon 2014, showed a causal relationship between domestic violence and neonatal and infant mortality.Based on this, this study aim to analyse, by using an exploratory spatial data analysis, the probable linear behaviour between the dependent variable: “Neonatal mortality rate” and other independent variables: “ Household sizes”, “Percentages of households with electricity”, “travel time to the closest health facility” and “total domestic violence” at a district level in Cambodia.

The world energy consumption has dramatically increased since the end of the World War II. The main share of this energy comes from fossil fuel combustion. The worldwide domestic sector consumes about 30% of the global energy supply and the biggest share of that is dedicated to space and water heating. In this context where sustainable energy consumption is required to limit our impact on the environment and the climate, energy efficiency is a key factor to successfully transition to energy sobriety. Electrically-driven heat pumps are known to be a key technology to increase our energy efficiency. More efficient, more compact, more silent heat pumps, built with less raw material, and using lower refrigerant charges are needed. In electrically-driven heat pumps, the compression process is responsible for most of the energy losses. However, for decades now, the heat pump performance has been stagnating, mainly because of the compression process efficiency which has not been increasing significantly. Consequently, the improvement of the compression process is indeed needed. A new single-stage compression unit design has been developed, built, and tested in a previous thesis work. This current thesis work uses a twin-stage successor of the initial single-stage compression unit and tests it into two oil-free domestic heat pump prototypes. This work aims at studying the integration of the radial compression units in domestic heat pumps and at demonstrating their feasibility and potential. The tested prototypes are a twin-stage Air/Water domestic heat pump and a twin-stage Brine/Water domestic heat pump. Both of them are equipped with a twin-stage oil-free radial compression unit rotating on gas bearings. By which, the maximum rotor speed of the compression units is 180 krpm. Six stable operating points have been documented with the Air/Water heat pump prototype. More notably so, the operating point A-7/W35 has been reached and demonstrates a coefficient of performance of 2.36 for a heating power of 10.7 kW. The Brine/Water heat pump prototype has been used to perform partial tests of circuit improvements, in order to solve some of the issues observed on the Air/Water prototype. The analysis of the experimental results uses a mass and energy balance modeling approach to improve the level of understanding of the internal and non measurable flows in the heat pump circuits. This model also propagates the uncertainties of the measurements through the equations. New improvements and innovative circuit layouts, notably at the level of the economizer, a key-component of the two-stage heat pump circuit, are offered to integrate further the compression unit in the heat pump circuits, and to make the whole system more efficient, more compact, more silent, less demanding in raw materials and reducing the refrigerant charge needed for the heat pump cycle. La consommation mondiale d’énergie a augmenté dramatiquement depuis la fin de la seconde guerre mondiale. La part principale de cette énergie provient de la combustion d’énergie fossile. Le secteur résidentiel consomme environ 30% de la production totale d’énergie et la plus grande part de cette dernière est dédiée au chauffage des espaces de vie et à la production d’eau chaude sanitaire. Dans ce contexte une consommation d’énergie soutenable est requise afin de limiter notre impact sur l’environnement et le climat, l’efficacité énergétique est un facteur clé pour amorcer la transition vers la sobriété énergétique. Les pompes à chaleur alimentées par électricité sont identifiées comme une technologie clé pour augmenter notre efficacité énergétique. Nous avons besoin de pompes à chaleur plus efficaces, plus compactes, plus silencieuses, construites avec moins de matières premières, et utilisant des charges en réfrigérant plus faibles. La phase de compression est responsable de la plupart des pertes d’énergie. Depuis des décennies maintenant, les performances des pompes à chaleur stagnent, principalement parce que l’efficacité de la phase de compression stagne. Par conséquent, il est nécessaire d’améliorer l’efficacité de la phase de compression. Une nouvelle conception d’unité compresseur mono-étagé a été développée, construite, et testée lors d’une thèse de doctorat précédente. La thèse présentée ici utilise une unité compresseurs bi-étagés ayant succédé à l’unité compresseur mono-étagée initiale, et a testé l’unité en question dans deux prototypes de pompe à chaleur domestique sans huile. Ce travail vise à étudier l’intégration d’unités compresseurs radiaux dans des pompes à chaleur domestiques et à démontrer la faisabilité et le potentiel de ces dernières. Les prototypes testés sont une pompe à chaleur domestique Air/Eau sans huile et une pompe à chaleur domestique Saumure/Eau sans huile. Les deux prototypes sont équipés d’une unité compresseurs bi-étagés radiaux sans huile dont l’arbre est en rotation sur des paliers à gaz. La vitesse maximum du rotor de ces unités est de 180000 tours/min. Six points de fonctionnement stables ont été documentés avec le prototype Air/Eau. Notamment, le point de fonctionnement A-7/W35 a été atteint et démontre un coefficient de performance de 2.36 pour une puissance chaleur de 10.7 kW. Le prototype Saumure/Eau a été utilisé pour procéder à des tests partiels d’amélioration apportées aux circuits de pompe à chaleur, afin d’apporter des solutions aux problèmes rencontrés avec le prototype Air/Eau. L’analyse des données expérimentales utilise une modélisation dont l’approche est basée sur les équations de conservation de masse et d’énergie. Cette approche permet d’améliorer le niveau de compréhension des débits internes ou non-mesurables du système. Le modèle propage aussi, à travers les équations, les incertitudes de mesure des données expérimentales. De nouvelles améliorations et circuits de pompes à chaleur innovants, notamment, au niveau de l’économiseur, composant-clé du circuit, sont proposés et intègrent plus intimement l’unité compresseur dans les circuits de la pompe à chaleur bi-étagée, et cela afin de parvenir à des systèmes globalement plus efficaces, plus compacts, plus silencieux, moins gourmand en terme de matières premières, et nécessitant moins de charge de réfrigérant.

ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT AUTHORS. Caroline Salamin, Noémi Cobolet, Pascale Bouton, Raphaël Grolimund, Mathilde Panes (Bibliothèque de l’EPFL) DOCUMENT TYPE. This document is not a scientific paper, but the course notes of a seminar for PhD students provided by the EPFL Library. This seminar is module 2. VERSION. This is v1.0.8 of the document, updated on May 15, 2018. The latest version of this document is available at http://go.epfl.ch/phd-module2. COPYRIGHT. CC BY-NC-SA Bibliothèque de l’EPFL | This document is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License. ADDITIONAL MATERIAL. Two appendices are handed out at the end of the session: a general appendix (https://www.authorea.com/users/26260/articles/61573/) containing examples and answers; and an appendix specific to the session, created by the participants. The session-specific appendices are not published online. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. The authors would like to thank Vijay Kartik who accepted to take part in the seminar as guest speaker and enrich it with his experience as former PhD students at EPFL. His presentation is available here. The authors also want to thank Vijay Kartik for fixing some minor errors in this document. ABSTRACT. This document is tailored for PhD Students interested in facilitating their writing process. We look at the strategies to improve the findability of your papers by taking advantage of the mechanisms provided by major scientific databases. We then show how to avoid pitfalls of collaborative writing (authorship, versioning and collaborative tools). We finally explain how to properly reuse other works in your publications. The in-class session also includes practical exercises in Authorea.

ABSTRACT A central tenet in support of research reproducibility is the ability to uniquely identify research resources, i.e., reagents, tools, and materials that are used to perform experiments. However, current reporting practices for research resources are insufficient to identify the exact resources that are reported or answer basic questions such as “How did other studies use resource X?”. To address this issue, the Resource Identification Initiative was launched as a pilot project to improve the reporting standards for research resources in the methods sections of papers and thereby improve identifiability and reproducibility. The pilot engaged over 25 biomedical journal editors from most major publishers, as well as scientists and funding officials. Authors were asked to include Research Resource Identifiers (RRIDs) in their manuscripts prior to publication for three resource types: antibodies, model organisms, and tools (i.e. software and databases). RRIDs are assigned by an authoritative database, for example a model organism database, for each type of resource. To make it easier for authors to obtain RRIDs, resources were aggregated from the appropriate databases and their RRIDs made available in a central web portal (scicrunch.org/resources). RRIDs meet three key criteria: they are machine readable, free to generate and access, and are consistent across publishers and journals. The pilot was launched in February of 2014 and over 300 papers have appeared that report RRIDs. The number of journals participating has expanded from the original 25 to more than 40. Here, we present an overview of the pilot project and its outcomes to date. We show that authors are able to identify resources and are supportive of the goals of the project. Identifiability of the resources post-pilot showed a dramatic improvement for all three resource types, suggesting that the project has had a significant impact on reproducibility relating to research resources.

In the context of the energy transition, efficiency and renewable energy integration are identified as having the highest potential for mitigating the CO₂ emissions . From the energy system engineering point of view, this means that not only one has to convert renewable energy resources into distributed energy but also to make it available to supply the energy services when they are needed. In this paper, we demonstrate the role of process system engineering for designing the future energy systems and we explore the possible role that CO₂ could play as a material to help the energy transition. Considering CO₂ as a carbon support, we show on the one hand the possible role of CO₂ in the energy system : as an energy carrier in district energy systems or as a possible carbon source for long term renewable energy storage when considering power to gas concept. We also highlight the importance of understanding the carbon cycle, considering the CO₂ in the atmosphere and the possible ways to replace fossil fuel produced CO₂ by the one harvested in the atmosphere.

ABSTRACT “Coupled oscillators are not only of great biological importance, but also very interesting from a dynamical systems point of view. In a systems biology context, the interconnection between two periodic processes such the circadian rhythm and the cell cycle represents an ideal analyzable system at the single-cell level. The analysis of a large dataset from time-lapse imaging of single mouse fibroblast showed, in our previous study, that circadian and cell cycle are robustly synchronized. This synchronization state is observed over a wide range of conditions resulting from a predominant influence of the cell cycle on the circadian cycle. Moreover, parameters of the coupling functions has been identified with stochastic modeling of two interacting phase oscillators. Here, we reconstruct a non-parametric model of the phase dynamics, identifying new potential interactions between the two processes. This allows us to make more specific predictions on precise cell cycle events that could influence the circadian clock, such the condensation of chromosomes coinciding with transcriptional shutdown, and subsequently testing those prediction using different markers of cell cycle events. By analyzing several conditions we found that the phase relationship of the two systems presents shifts characteristic of resonating oscillators. In conclusion, we highlight how the use of a statistical model allows the understanding of the interaction between two important cellular processes by reducing the complex dynamics to a low dimensional phase model. ”