Measuring the shape of cloud particle size distributions in
high-latitude marine cold air outbreaks
Abstract
Marine cold air outbreaks (MCAOs) drive significant evolutions in marine
boundary layer clouds and play a crucial role in high-latitude climate
systems. This study examines the variability of cloud particle size
distributions (PSDs) and the representation of the Gamma shape parameter
μ for high-latitude MCAO clouds in the Northern Hemisphere, focusing on
the initial stratocumulus stages and cumulus regime transitions.
Aircraft in-situ measurements from 20 flights with identified MCAO
conditions were collected during two recent field campaigns: M-Phase
conducted over the Labrador Sea in March 2022, and Arctic Cold-Air
Outbreak (ACAO) conducted over the Nordic Seas in October to November
2022. Results show that high-latitude MCAO clouds in the Northern
Hemisphere exhibit narrow PSDs, characterized by higher μ values (mean
μ=20) that imply more reflective clouds compared to the fixed μ=2.5
assumption in some bulk microphysics schemes. Cloud PSDs narrow and μ
values increase with height in near-adiabatic stratocumulus clouds,
while their patterns are more variable in broken cumulus clouds. Liquid
water content correlates more strongly with μ variability than cloud
number concentrations, suggesting its better predictability as a
prognostic variable for PSD variability in these cloud systems. Both the
μ=20 and its derived relation with cloud liquid water content can be
applied in bulk microphysics schemes to better represent the
microphysical and radiative properties of high-latitude MCAO clouds. The
proposed high μ values for MCAO clouds are applicable mainly to typical
horizontal resolutions of numerical weather prediction and regional
climate models.