Land-to-Sea Sediment Fluxes from a Major Glacial Lake Outburst Flood
Were Stepped Rather Than Instantaneous
Abstract
Glacial lake outburst floods can transport large volumes of sediment.
Where these floods reach the coastline, much of that particulate load is
delivered directly to the marine environment. It has been suggested that
offshore deposits, specifically in fjord settings, may provide a
faithful record of the frequency and timing of past outburst flood
events. However, a paucity of observations means that the mechanics and
the timing of offshore transport of sediment following a glacial lake
outburst event remain poorly constrained. Here, we document the changes
in sea surface sediment dynamics following the 28th November 2020 Elliot
Lake outburst flood in British Columbia, which transported
~4.3x106 m3 of sediment into an adjacent fjord (Bute
Inlet) as a deep nepheloid layer directly following the event. However,
analysis of sea surface turbidity using in situ measurements and
satellite-derived estimates reveals that changes in fjord-head surface
turbidity immediately following the major flood were surprisingly small.
The highest measured sea surface turbidity instead occurred five months
after the initial outburst flood. This delayed increase in seaward
sediment flux was coincident with the onset of the spring freshet, when
discharge of the rivers feeding Bute Inlet increase each year. We
suggest that large quantities of sediment were temporarily stored within
the river catchment, and only remobilised when river discharge exceeded
a threshold level following seasonal snowmelt. Our results reveal a
temporal disconnect, where onshore to offshore transfer of sediment is
stepped following a glacial lake outburst flood, which could complicate
the architecture of subsequent deposits.