Abstract
Accurate prediction of the solar wind speed and arrival of solar
transient events are among the most important but still open problems in
space weather research. This article implements a Convolutional Neural
Network (CNN) coupled Long-Short Term Memory cell (LSTM) deep-learning
model for the prediction of solar wind speed at Sun-Earth L1 on a daily
and 6-hourly basis. The model is trained and validated using Solar-wind
speed observations at Sun-Earth L1. The proposed CNN-LSTM models are
developed and trained using data for the period from 01 August 1996 to
31 December 2019 and tested with the data from 01 January 2020 to 30
June 2024. The daily prediction model can forecast solar wind speed with
a RMSE of 52.12 km/s and an overall correlation coefficient of 0.79,
while the 6-hourly model can forecast solar wind speed with a RMSE of
33.72 km/s and an overall correlation coefficient of 0.93. This shows
that without explicitly building in physics based relationships, the
Deep Learning based models are able to perform reasonably well compared
to existing approaches.