Monitoring Global Ionospheric Conditions With Electromagnetic Lightning
Impulses Registered in Extremely Low Frequency Measurements
Abstract
The Extremely Low Frequency band (ELF: 0.03 – 1000 Hz) electromagnetic
signals from thunderstorm lightning discharges can propagate around the
globe in the Earth-ionosphere resonance cavity and thus be used for
ionosphere monitoring. We use ELF observations of the World Wide
Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) impulses to examine ELF propagation
velocity and arrival azimuth under diurnal changes in two days of
September 20th and 21st, 2023. Also temporary effects of solar flares’
ionizing fluxes are monitored, leading to increasing the ELF signal
propagation speed modulated by the X-ray flux intensity. We present for
the first time a simple method for automatic and large-scale analysis,
utilizing data from two registration systems (ELF and WWLLN) and
enabling easy evaluation of changes in wave propagation speed. The
compared samples of WWLLN impulses generated in selected azimuth and
distance sectors for Africa and America reveal varying effects of signal
refraction, with increased azimuth changes for signals propagating
across the ionospheric ionization gradients. The method has a potential
to become a standard tool for the analysis and monitoring of the lower
layers of the ionosphere.