Using mm-wave Doppler-polarimetric profiler observations to evaluate
radar-based hydrometeor classification schemes
Abstract
The implementation of dual-polarization weather radars has improved the
accuracy of precipitation estimates. However, identifying hydrometeor
types and evaluating related algorithms remains challenging. This study
introduces a novel method to evaluate hydrometeor classification (HMC)
schemes using Doppler spectra from a mm-wave dual-frequency
Doppler-polarimetric slanted profiler. The output of the HMC scheme is
used to calculate mixing ratios that are then combined with the ARTS
Microwave Single Scattering Properties Database to simulate Doppler
spectra of polarimetric variables that would be measured by the
profiler. Comparing these with actual profiler measurements provides
valuable validation information. We have tested this method on the
wradlib HMC scheme using C-band weather radar data from the Netherlands
(2021–2022) and a Ka- and W-band Doppler-polarimetric profiler
operating at an elevation angle of 45°. The method works well in
stratiform cases, but convective cases reveal the influence of
turbulence and wind variability, highlighting the need for improved
approaches. Uncertainty arises from selecting specific parameterizations
for the particle size distribution (PSD) and for the relationship
between hydrometeor size and terminal fall velocity, as well as from the
derived mixing ratios. Additionally, observing at a 45° angle
complicates separating horizontal wind from hydrometeor fall velocities,
though the Mie notch in the dual-wavelength ratio can be effectively
used to remove the radial wind component. Our results highlight both the
potential and limitations of using this profiler configuration to
evaluate HMC schemes.