A species-specific approach to benthic foraminifera pore patterns as a
paleoxygenation proxy in the Southeast Pacific
Abstract
Calcareous benthic foraminifera can develop pores in their test wall to
facilitate gas exchanges (e.g., O2, CO2) with the surrounding seawater.
The patterns of these pores, i.e., porosity, pore density, and pore
size, can vary based on environmental factors, including bottom water
dissolved oxygen concentration (BWDO). Specifically, some species react
with increased test porosity to lower BWDO levels, highlighting their
proxy potential for reconstructing past BWDO concentrations. To validate
this proxy in the Southeast Pacific (SEP), the pore patterns of six
benthic foraminifera species were compared with BWDO. The specimens,
dated Holocene to modern, were collected from surface sediment samples
along the SEP (12°–44°S) from 24 to 3,252 m water depth. Porosity, pore
density, and pore size were measured on the umbilical and spiral sides,
including all visible chambers, and the penultimate and antepenultimate
chambers (PAC) on both sides. Our study reveals species-specific pore
pattern responses to BWDO, with most species increasing their test
porosity to adapt to lower BWDO. Notably, Cibicidoides species show
increased porosity on the umbilical side, whereas Planulina species do
so primarily on the spiral side. This indicates that using the pore
patterns of several species together is not recommended in the SEP.
Instead, focusing on individual species provides stronger inverse
correlations between BWDO, porosity, and pore density, especially for C.
wuellerstorfi. These findings support the use of benthic foraminifera
pore patterns as reliable indicators for reconstructing quantitively
past BWDO, with an error range down to ±5–20 µmol/kg.