Super-fountain Effect: Unleashing the Role of Electric Fields During the
Extreme Geomagnetic Storm on May 10-11, 2024
Abstract
During the extreme space weather event on May 10, 2024, a pronounced
super-fountain effect was observed, driven by the prompt penetration
electric field (PPEF) and pre-reversal enhancement (PRE) electric field.
For this event, the SWARM-A satellite data provided unprecedented
insights into the global impact of these electric fields due to its
favorable orbit configuration which covered the local dusk sector.
Observations revealed significant enhancements in the equatorial
fountain, particularly over longitudes between
$20^\circ$ E and 55$^\circ$W.
Notably, this study also detected the first in-situ observational
evidence of electron temperature (T$_e$) increases in the evening
equatorial ionosphere during an extreme geomagnetic storm, with T$_e$
enhancements aligning with the super-fountain effect’s latitudinal
extent. Additionally, contrasting effects were observed over a nearby
longitude, highlighting the complex and localized nature of impact
caused by extreme space weather.